Yenguva refu yakareba mhirizhonga yeRussia uye nhoroondo yayo

Makore anopfuura zana apfuura apfuura, Nicholas II akabvumira kusikwa kwechikwata cheIya Muromets ndege. Yaiva panguva iyoyo iyo yakareba-famba ndege mune yedu yakaberekwa. Iwe uchaverenga pamusoro pezvakakosha zvikuru zvenhoroondo yaro munyaya iyi.

Asi kutanga iwe unofanirwa kubhadhara mutero kune avo vakamira pamusoro weiyo indasitiri. Ndivanaani vaiva vatungamiriri vekureba kwemafiriya? Ngatitumirei:

• P. V. Androsov.
• AE Golovanov.
• PS Deinekin.
• A. D. Zhikharev.
• I. M. Kalugin.
• AA Novikov, uyo akazova musikana.
• M. M. Oparin.
• V.V Reshetnikov.

Ava vatungamiriri vakaita zvakawanda kukurudzira kudzivirirwa kwenyika yedu yose.

"Ilya Muromets": kuti zvose zvakatanga sei

Pakupera kwa1914, Mutemo Mukuru wakagadzira boka re "Muromtsev", iro rakagadzirirwa Mikhail Shidlovskiy. Kwenguva yokutanga munyika yose pakanga pane hurukuro yakakura yechina-injini bombomberi, uyewo nguva refu yekufamba-famba yakaberekwa saizvozvowo. Kutaura zvazviri, "sekurukurukuru" iye pachake akatanga kusimuka pamapiro paDecember 23, 1913.

"Muromets", iyo inonyatsozivikanwa seS-22, yakasika sachigaro Sikorsky paRussia-Balt. Kwenguva yaro yaive inoshamisa semichina, ma motors ayo aigona kusimudzira mumhepo zvakakura semataundi mashanu ehukuru. Ndege yaiva nepfuti mbiri panguva imwechete, iyo yezviitiko izvi yakanga iriwo teknolojia yakakwirira.

Kubatanidzwa muHondo Yenyika Yokutanga

Zvinoshamisa kuti, squadron yendege idzi dzakange dzakagadzirirwa zvakakwana, izvo zvehondo yeRussia yemakore iwayo yakanga yakanaka. Kwemakore mana, kubvira muna 1914 kusvika muna 1918, ndege yacho yakaita zvinopfuura mazana mana zvakabuda. Kurasikirwa kwaingova ndege imwe chete.

Pakazosvika 1917, Sikorsky akanga aita shanduko itsva, "G G". Pakazara zvakarongwa kuvaka mazairikiti zana, asi ipapo kuchinja kwakazobuda. Mimwe yemichina yakatsva, zvokuti havana kuwira mumaoko echiGerman, asi vamwe vakashandiswa kwenguva yakati sevanodzidzisa motokari.

Nguva yeTupolev

Asi izvi zvaingova kutanga. Pahutano hwakanaka hutsva, hurefu hwemafiriya eUSSR yakabuda apo ndege yeTB-3 yakasikwa. Izvo zvakagadzirirwa zvakagadzirwa nehofisi yeofisi yeAndrey Tupolev. Kubudirira kwemichina kwakatanga muna 1926. Mukati pemakore mashanu, kwete chete kugadzirwa kwemahombekombe kwakatangwa, asiwo kuumbwa kwemapurisa emabhomba ane nzara, ayo kwemakore iwayo akanga asingafungi munyika chero ipi zvayo munyika.

Mugore rimwe chete, muna 1934, ndege yeTB-4 yakasikwa, iyo yakave yakagara pasi pezita rokuti "Maxim Gorky." Yaiva nemichina yakawanda-yakashandiswa iyo inogona kushandiswa kune zvinenge zvese.

Hondo yokutanga yakagadzirwa muna 1934, pakanga pana Mikhail Gromov. Iyi motokari yakarongedza zvikwereti zviviri zvenyika: zvikwata zvakasimudzwa zve gumi uye gumi nemashanu tani kusvika pakakwirira mamita mashanu. Yaiva pa "Gorky" iyo munyori wenhoroondo Antoine de Saint-Exupery akatiza. Asi zera rengarava yaiva pfupi, kubva mukugadzira kwayo zvose zvitsva zvisiri izvo uye kukanganisa kwakaratidzwa. Asi nhoroondo yekureba kwenguva refu inofambisa ndege.

Zvitsva zvitsva

Iko kare muna 1932 hofisi imwe yeTupolev yakagadzira ndege huru chaizvo ine fuselage yose-metal, yeAnT-25. Motokari yakazove yakanakisa, yaiva pairi kuti vanyori vengarairi vemazuva iwayo vakaisa zvinyorwa zvenyika dzakawanda panguva imwe chete. Saka, Chkalov yakabhururuka kubva kuMoscow kuenda kuFar East, yakavhara kure nemakiromita 9375. June 18, 1937, Chkalov imwechete yakaraira vashandi, avo vakatizira kuUnited States.

Inguva mwedzi gare gare - runyora rutsva. Kunyange zvazvo nguva iyi vaSoviet vaifambisa ndege vakadzokera kuAmerica, asi chinangwa chikuru chaiva California, kwete Washington. Munguva iyi iyi ndege, mbiri (!) World records dzakarohwa kamwechete. Chokutanga, boka racho rakayambuka makiromita 10 148 mumugwagwa wakarurama, uye rakakwanisawo kubhururuka makiromita 11 500, ichifamba nemakungwa akaputsika.

Nhoroondo yeIlyushin

Muna 1933, hutungamiri hwenyika mutsva yakasarudza kuunganidza vose vanovimbisa zvigadziri vendege munzvimbo imwe chete, sezvo hutsva hukuru hwemafiriya hwakanga huchidiwa nokukurumidza, hwakagadzirirwa nemichina yakanakisisa, yakavimbiswa. Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo yakakurumbira Central Central Bureau yakaberekerwa, yakatungamirirwa naSergei Ilyushin. Makore maviri chete gare gare, iye neboka revanhu vane pfungwa dzakadaro vari kusika bhomba rekare refu DB-3. Mutyairi wechirwere Vladimir Kokkinaki akaendesa ndege dzakare kure. Iko kare muna 1936, ndege dzakatanga kupinda muchikwata cheArsenal yeSoviet Army.

Muenzaniso wakavandudzwa wemichina imwechete, yakaonekwa makore maviri gare gare, yakanzi IL-4. Akagamuchira injini dzakasimba uye zvombo zvitsva. Pamberi pehondo, pakati pegore ra1940, DB-3 yakabviswa kubva pamusangano weungano, uye nzvimbo yaro yakanga yakabatwa naI-4. Pakazara, nyika yakabudisa motokari 1 528 yemhuri yeDB-3, iyo yakabatanidzwa zvose muFinland uye muGreat Patriotic War.

Ndeyokutanga Soviet aircraft yakasikwawo naIlyushin. I-IL-2 yake yakaunza mukurumbira kumugadziri uyu. Nhasi inozivikanwa I-76 ndiyo ndege huru yekufambisa kwehondo yenyika yedu, nenzira yakakodzera ichienderera mberi nebasa rababa vavo.

Hondo huru yePatriotic, iyo inofambisa ndege

Kubva musi waJune 22, 1941 ndege huru refu yakatanga kupedza hondo dzavo dzokutanga. Uye pazuva repiri rehondo (!) Vakabhadhara "kutendera kushanya" kune vaNazi, kuputira Danzig, Koenigsberg, uyewo mamwe maguta muPoland neHungary.

Mishonga huru yaiva: Pe-8, DB-3, Il-4 uye Pe-2. Mushure mekufamba-famba mhirizhonga ndeyeI-4 inotsanangurwa pamusoro apa. Kwemakore ose ehondo, vakaita zviuru zvemashizha, apedza basa rinoshamisa remabasa. Iko kunofanira kutaurwa kuti nguva refu yakasvivhiya munguva iyoyo "yakabereka" kune vane masimba mazhinji eU.SR. Va 269 chete ndivo vakakurumbira uye mahofisi epafisi vakagamuchira nzvimbo iyi yakakwirira, uye vatanhatu vakapiwa kaviri.

Asi mutengo wakanga uri wakakwirira: mushure meHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, varimi vakaramba vachiita "mahesheni", varasikirwa nevakawanda vengarava. Uye iyo pfungwa apa yakanga isiri muhuwandu hunoratidza: kunze kwema 1800 ndege zhinji kana zvishoma mazuva ano, gumi chete kana matatu motokari dzaivepo pakugadzirisa mabasa anokosha. Ndicho chikonzero chakagadziriswa kutevedzera America B-29, ichiita ndege itsva yakabva pairi.

Iko kare muna 1947, kugadzirwa kweTu-4s yakaremara kwakagadzirwa. Munguva pfupi pfupi, basa guru rakagadziriswa kuti rienzanise ndege yacho kumamiriro ezvinhu epamba uye nhumbi, varimi vakakwanisa kuchinja zvakanyanya kuvimbika kwemichina. Muna 1951, ndege idzi dzaive dzokutanga kutakura zvombo zvenyukireya.

Basa repashure

Munenge pakati pe1950s, ndege itsva yakareba yakareba, iyo yakafanotarisa kushandiswa kwemabhizimisi kwemazana makumi emakore ari kuuya. Yaiva panguva ino iyo yakaitwa Tu-95, "Bear" yakagadzirwa uye yakashandirwa kushanda, iyo inomira pamiganhu inodzivirirwa yenyika yedu, pamwe nemimwe mimwe michina.

Saka, Tu-16, iyo yakagamuchira zita rezita rokuti "Badger", raiva ndiro monoplane yekutanga ine mapiko akazununguka. Motokari yekutanga yakaungana muna 1953. Vashandi varo vaiva vanhu vatanhatu kana kupfuura. Chimbo chikuru chekuzvidzivirira chaiva chekudzivirira pfu puti PU-88 uye nhatu turret gun turrets, inodzorwa kure. Pakupedzisira, ndege yacho yakagamuchira zvigaro zvinomwe AM-23, iyo yaive yakareba mamita makumi mana.

"Badgers" uye avo vanofamba kwenguva refu vanofambisa ndege vakashanda nesimba muna 1967 Hondo Yemazuva matanhatu, zvichiita dzimwe hondo dzeArabhu neIsrael dzenguva iyo, uye dzakabatanidzwawo mumusangano weAghan.

Tu-95, chiRussia "Chikepe"

Iyi ndege huru yakaedzwa muna 1952. Iyi inonzi mid-mid-mid-plane ine ina ina turboprop engines, iyo yakakwira zvakananga mumapapiro akaputika. Izvo "kujekesa" ndeye injini dze NK-12, iyo inoramba ichingova yakanakisisa turboprop engines mukirasi yayo.

Ndege inogona kutakura matani ane gumi nembiri ebhodha. Mukuwedzera, mune bhomba reimba, unogona kukwira mabhomba emhepo anorema kusvika kune gumi. Muna 2010, vanoisa rekodhi itsva: muna 43 maawa mabhomba akafamba makiromita zviuru makumi matatu. Ihwo hunokosha hwechiito ichi ndechokuti pakuti pakuita kwayo sarudzo dzenguva dzose dzakashandiswa. Saka chiRussia kwenguva yakareba-fambisa ndege, kunyange mu turboprop design, ichiri chinomirira simba rinotyisa.

Bomber 3M

Iyi makina yakagadzirwa muna 1956-1960. Chimwe chinhu chinokosha chehurukuro iyi ndiyo yakagadzirisa zvombo zvayo, mushure mekunge waiva D-5 missile chaiye, iyo inogona kunge yakakunda zvose zvegungwa uye zvinowanikwa pasi. Nzira yekutiza kwayo yakanga yakaita mamita makiromita 280, uye kasi yacho yaipetwa ka katatu kupfuura kukurumidza kwezwi. Zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti iyi ndiyo yevatakuri vezvombo izvo kwenguva yakareba zvakagadzira nheyo yekugadzira ndege mune Far East.

Nhasi, iyo yakareba-fambisa ndege yeRussian Federation inomiririrwa nemotokari dzinoverengeka, kusanganisira TU-95 uye TU-160, asi "varume vekare" ZM vakabviswa kubva muhondo munguva pfupi yapfuura. Mashoko akajeka pamusoro pekuti pane ikozvino ndege dzemu mhuri iyi inogona kukwira mumhepo, kwete.

The Cold War uye nguva refu yakasvivhiya

Mushure mokunge Germany yakundwa, zvikamu zvekutenderera pasi rose zvakadzorerwa. Yakagadzirirwa neNATO uye Union of Warsaw Pact nyika, dzakanga dzisina rudo rukuru kune mumwe nemumwe. Nhasi, vanyori vezvakaitika kare uye mauto pachavo vanotenda kuti nechishamiso chete neTatu yeHondo Yenyika haina kutanga panguva iyoyo.

Hazvishamisi kuti mumakore iwayo ndiyo yaiva nzira yekushandura ndege yakanga iri imwe yezvigadziro zvehugare munyika yose, inotsigira nhare yenyika yenyukireya nenhoo. Kusvikira muna 1961, ndege dzaive nzira dzinonyanya kukosha dzekutora mabhomu eatomu kune muvengi angangodaro. Zvichiitika, vakange vari vatungamiri venguva refu yekufamba-famba kwakatungamirira boka rekutanga reSoviet missile.

Shanduko mukuvandudza vector

Mumakore emashure ehondo shure kwaiva pachena kuti yakanga yava nguva yekufamba kubva kune imwe yekare turboprop ndege kusvika kujet motokari. Pakupedzisira, jet yekutanga IL-28 yakaonekwa pamagumo emakiromita 1940. Zvechokwadi, ndege iyi yaiva mupfungwa neimwe nzira, asi chigadziro chaidiwa zvakawanda kwazvo basa.

Saka, kumavambo 1970 (zvichibva kune imwe yekare TU-22), katsva yeK-22 rocket yakasikwa. Mukuwedzera, pakanga pane zvimwe zvigadziriswa kune iyi ndege. Tiri kutaura nezveTu-22M2 uye Tu-22M3. Izvo zvaizivikanwa nekuti sezvo panguva yavo yekugadzira nekugadzira, hutsva hwemichina uye zvigadzirwa zvakashandiswa zvikuru, izvo kusvikira panguva iyoyo zvakanga zvashandiswa chete mu cosmonautics.

Pakupedzisira, inguva ye "White Swan" yakanaka kwazvo, Tu-160. Akava mumwe wezviratidzo zveCold War yose. Yaiva ndege yekutanga yenyika iyi ukuru nejairo geometry yemapapiro, mumasikirwo ayo zviuru zvehutano hwepamusoro dzakashandiswa, dzakawanda dzisina mifananidziro kusvikira nhasi. Kuvhiringidzika kwekuona kukosha kwekukudziridza chimwe chinhu chakafanana chaiva nhepfenyuro yekuziva, iyo yakashuma kutanga kwezvisikwa zveB-1.

Yekutanga "White Swan" yakakwira kubva munhandare yemhepo "Ramenskoye". Zvakaitika pakupera kwaDecember 1981. Muna 1984, chikwata chikuru chekugadzirwa kwemichina yakasiyana yakatangwa paKazan Aviation Plant.

Pakazosvika pakati pa2003, ndege idzi dzakamhanyira kumahombekombe eIndia, dzikayambuka nzvimbo yepamhepo yehurumende dzakawanda. Kusvikira panguva iyo, iyo yakareba-famba ndege yeRussia (chinyorwa chayo chiri munyaya yacho) haina kubhururuka urefu hwakadaro mumutemo. Muna Svondo yakapera, maviri TU-160s akaenda kuVenezuela, achisimbisa hukama hwehukama pakati pematunhu maviri.

Zvinogona kutaurwa nekutenda kuti kusimbiswa kwemazano ekugadzira ndege ndeye chibvumirano che statehood uye kuchengeteka kwenyika yedu mumakore anotevera.