The muridzi Munguva feudalism. Nguva feudalism muRussia

Feudalism inonzi magariro zvaiitika Europe V - XVII emakore. In neimwe nyika, yakanga pachake zvachiri, asi kazhinji, chiitiko ichi runoonekwa muenzaniso France uye Germany. nguva feudalism mu Russia ane nguva puranga akasiyana European. Kwemakore akawanda, dzomunharaunda dzekare Vakaramba kuvapo kwayo, asi vakanga kururama. Kutaura zvazviri, feudal masangano haana kurarama kunze Byzantine Empire.

A zvishoma pamusoro izwi

Pfungwa yokuti 'feudalism "akashandurwa sezvaari nemasayendisiti European pamusoro avaida rechiFrench Revolution. Saka, shoko rokuti akazviratidza chete apo Western European feudalism Chokwadi, akapera. Shoko rinobva mushakabvu Latin «feodum« ( "feudal"). Pfungwa iyi rinoshandiswa zvitupa pakati kuMiddle Ages uye inomiririra Zvimiso nhaka nyika varidzi, inova muranda anogamuchira kubva jendurumani iri chiitiko kuti anoita pachinhu nayo chero mutoro (ekupedzisira kazhinji zvinosanganisirei rechiuto).

Vezvenhau havasi pakarepo kukwanisa kuziva zvakafanana zviri magariro. Zvakawanda zvinokosha mashoko vasina kumbofunga nezvarwo. Zvisinei, kune XXI remakore, kubudikidza hurongwa pachisara masayendisiti pakupedzisira akakwanisa kupa dzoga tsanangudzo kunzwisisa ichi chinonakidza.

Zvinoitwa feudalism

The chikuru kukosha pre-maindasitiri nyika - nayo kunyika. Asi muridzi wenyika (feudal ishe) mune zvokurima haana kuroorana. Akanga mumwe mutoro - basa (kana munyengetero). Land anorimwa murimi. Kunyange zvazvo aiva musha wake, zvipfuwo zvokushandisa, nyika haina zvake. Rakanga zvemari runotsamira tenzi wake, uye saka, akatapa vamwe vaite nyasha kwayo. Kunyange zvakadaro, murimi akanga asiri muranda. Aiva hama rusununguko, uye kuzvidzora, naJehovha vanounganidzwa mamwe-upfumi kumanikidza zvigadziriswe.

Munguva yeMiddle Ages vakanga vasiri boka vakaenzana. The muridzi iri nguva feudalism akanga zvikuru kodzero pane nyika pedhi, t. E. The murimi. In zvavo feudal matunhu aiva undisputed changamire. Aigona kuranga uye kuvakangamwira. Saka, nyika varidzi iyi yakanga hunonyatsobatana enyika mikana (simba).

Chokwadi, nedoro hupfumi iri yakawiriranwa: chokwadi, mumwe murimi zvokudya tenzi, uyo pachake haana kushanda.

feudal manera

Nemamiriro yeboka rinotonga iri nguva feudalism rinogona kurondedzerwa se hierarchical. The feudal madzishe havana kuenzana, asi ivo kushandisa vanhuwo zvavo. The ukama pakati varidzi venyika zvaibva kudyidzana. Panguva pezvikwiriso aiva feudal mambo kuzoripira nyika madzishe uye earls, uye mukutsinhana aida kuvimbika kwavari. Nemachinda uye Counts, akavapindurawo, allocates nyika NaAmai Pauline Kabanzi (Lords, vaoni, vakwegura), pachinhu icho Ishe. The NaAmai Pauline Kabanzi aiva nesimba pamusoro Knights, Knights - pamusoro squires. Saka, feudalists vamire pasi pezvikwiriso, vakashumira feudal nemamiriro danho kumusoro.

Kune kutaura kwokuti: "yava pasi muranda wangu - kwete muranda wangu". Izvi zvaireva kuti mumwe knight kushumira chero Baron, hauna kuteerera mambo. Saka, simba mambo panguva disintegration yakanga hama. Muridzi mu feudalism - pachake tenzi. mukana wake political kuona kukura mugove.

The Genesisi pamusoro feudal ukama (V - IX remakore)

Feudalism budiriro rwakakwaniswa kuburikidza kuderera veRoma, uye kukunda Western hweRoma, madzinza eGermany (vaGiriki). The itsva magariro hwakabva tsika yevaRoma (centralized mamiriro, uranda, colonate, nokudenga maitiro mitemo) uye hunhu amarudzi eGermany (kuvapo chinzvimbo vatungamiriri, militancy, nekusagona kutarisira yakakura nyika).

Panguva vanokunda aiva yakasarira zvaiita hurongwa: yose nyika yorudzi vaiva chepasi munharaunda ndokuparadzanisa pakati penhengo dzayo. Anokunda nyika itsva, vakuru vemauto vaida hwake nomumwe uye, uyezve, kupfuura kwavari nhaka. Uyezve, varimi vazhinji vakaenda kusauka, musha vakanga pasi vachirwisa. Saka vakamanikidzwa kutsvaka tenzi, nokuti muridzi iri nguva feudalism, kwete chete akavapa mukana kushanda (kusanganisira pacharo), asi kudzivirira nevavengi. Saka monopolization nyika yokumusoro makirasi. Varimi vava kuzvimiririra.

Ichatonga zvine mbiri feudalism (X - XV remakore)

Kunyange IX remakore paiva pokuwa umambo Karla Velikogo. Mumwe County, changamire, munda rava mhando wehurumende. Fani iyi inonzi "feudal kusabatana".

Panguva iyi, vokuEurope vari kutanga kuongorora nyika itsva. Dzichiri noukama chinokosha-mari, kubva miduku yokuruwa kumira nyanzvi dzokugadzira. Nemhaka mhizha vatengesi kuoneka uye kukura guta. Munyika dzakawanda (eg Italy uye Germany), vanhuwo zvavo, aimbova zvachose nemataundi overlords, vawane rusununguko - hama kana zvakakwana. Knights zhinji, kuenda muHondo, akasunungura vanhuwo zvavo dzavo vakasununguka.

Panguva iyoyo, kereke rava shongwe zviremera zvehurumende, uye chitendero chechiKristu - the dzematongerwe of Ages. Saka muridzi mu feudalism - hakusi chete knight (Baron, Duke, Ishe), asiwo nhengo nevafundisi (Abbot, Bishop).

The dambudziko feudal ukama (XV - XVII remakore)

Mugumo yapfuura nguva aizivikanwa murimi mudiki yokumukira. Vaiva pamusana mumagariro kusawirirana. Uyezve, kugadzirwa wezvokutengeserana uye kutama kubva mumisha kumaguta zvakatungamirira kuti nzvimbo Varidzi vakatanga kuneta.

Nemamwe mashoko, dzinongoitika uye zvoupfumi nheyo dzave vasanyanya kubudikidza kubuda vakakwirira. Zvinowedzerwa kuzvipokanidza pakati zvenyika feudal nemadzishe uye nevafundisi. With kukura sayenzi tsika simba chechi pamusoro pfungwa vanhu vakarega kuva nemhedziso. Mugore XVI-XVII emakore muEurope makanga shandurudzo. Kune zvitsva kufamba vechitendero, izvo kwakamutsa kukura dzebhizimisi uye havana mhosva chaiyo.

Europe munguva vachangobva feudalism ihondo pakati pamadzimambo, havagutsikani nesimba ravo yokufananidzira, vafundisi, kuti vakakwirira uye vanhu vomuguta. Social kuzvipokanidza zvakakonzera nokumukirana XVII-XVIII emakore.

Russian feudalism

Munguva Kievan Rus zvechokwadi (VIII-XIII remakore) feudalism haana. Machinda munyika muridzi kwaiitwa pahwaro kukosha. Apo mumwe nhengo kwomuchinda dzemhuri akafa, nyika yake vakatora hama muduku. Shure kwake kwakanga kukupfura. Pemauto kugamuchira mari, asi ndima shure kwavari usatsungirira uye, roga, haana nhaka nyika yakanga rakawandisa, uye iye haana rinokosha mutengo.

Muzana XIII remakore, paraiitwa maduramazwi-muchinda Russia. It kunoratidzwa kusabatana. Tipiwe machinda (nhaka) takaberekwa. Machinda akawana simba pachake uye kodzero pachavo (pane Generic) pfuma. Mukati boka Varidzi guru - boyars, kuva muranda ukama. Asi vanhuwo zvavo vachiri vakasununguka. Zvisinei, muzana remakore XVI, dzakanga dzakabatanidzwa kunyika. Nguva feudalism muRussia rakapera panguva imwe chete, sezvo kusabatana akakurirwa. Asi izvozvo kakasaririra kwake sezvo serfdom kusvikira 1861.

nuances

Vose vari Europe uye kuRussia, kuti feudal nguva yapera kumativi remakore rechi16. Asi zvimwe zvinhu kuti gadziriro, akadai kusabatana muItaly kana serfdom muna Russian Empire, iyo kusvikira pakati pezana remakore rechi19. Mumwe mukuru kusiyana European uye Russian feudalism ndechokuti uranda vanhuwo zvavo vari Russia chakaitika chete kana villeins muna West vatowana hama rusununguko.