The musoro oparesheni. The chikuru pfungwa akavhiyiwa

Computer sainzi somunhu sayenzi wokuunganidza unyanzvi, ronga uye dzinoona zvakasiyana-siyana mashoko kachitanga remakore nemakore maviri. Kunyange zvazvo vamwe vanyori venhoroondo vanofunga kuti mavambo paumbwe kombiyuta nesayenzi wakaradzikwa muzana remakore rechi17, nokugadzirwa vokutanga zvokuimba karukureta, ruzhinji kushamwaridzana pamwe nemakore zvikuru yemhando Michina kombiyuta. Mune 40s remakore rechi20, nokuuya vokutanga makombiyuta, kombiyuta sayenzi nokugamuchira kufarira zvemidzimu kuti kukura.

Nyaya yokudzidza Informatics

Zvaiva nokuuya rokutanga makombiyuta yava zvakakodzera kutanga nzira itsva systematization, kukarukureta uye kubudiswa hombe mashoko rinovira, uyewo kugadzirwa kwepurogiramu algorithms kuti aizobvumira zvakawanda makombiyuta matsva. Informatics akagamuchira mamiriro chirango yakazvimirira zvesayenzi uye Uchibviswa ndege kubva masvomhu kudzidza computation zvavo.

All ano sainzi kombiyuta pazvikanganiso musoro kushandiswa. Vanogona kunzi chikuru zvinoriumba. In mapurogiramu, makombiyuta pfungwa pfungwa kushanda - ndiwo chiito, iyo yakawanikwa pashure kuita pfungwa itsva kana ukoshi yakaumbwa pachishandiswa yaivapo pfungwa. A seti yezviito zvakadaro kunogona siyana zvichienderana processor chinhu kuuraya mirayiro. Zvisinei, pane dzimwe akavhiyiwa kuti ndezvemamiriro anongoda zvose zviripo hurongwa. mashandiro ichi, izvo kushanda zviri tsika pachavo, negation kwakadaro kana avo kuti kuchinja quantitative characterization pfungwa - wedzera, bvisa, muwande, kamura.

Operands kuti musoro kwacho

Sezvo nemasvomhu pfungwa zvinoreva basa iri Abstract pfungwa, zvino sezvo operands zvose musoro akavhiyiwa ndivo generalized mashoko mhando. Classical okunze, anoshanda nemasvomhu ndezvipi mashoko, nhema kana zvechokwadi. The zvemagetsi uye zvirongwa kuti tsanangudzo mazwi aya rinoshandiswa Boolean variables venhema kana integer kukosha 1 (true) uye 0 (venhema). On mubatanidzwa tsika idzi, sezvo rinoshamisa sezvo zvinganzwika, basa hwakasungirirwa kwazvo uye pamwero mukuru enyika. All bumbiro chirongwa kuti akaurayiwa pakombiyuta kana digitaalinen mudziyo dynamically rinoshandurwa mugomba kutevedzana kwezviitiko vaduku uye zeros - bumbiro remitemo yezvisikwa iyo inogona kupatsanurwa upi kugadzira.

Mhando musoro kwacho

Sezvambotaurwa, muna dzenhoroondo Boolean nemasvomhu , pane 2 marudzi mabasa. Huru musoro akavhiyiwa pamusoro binary date mhando - ndivo zviito kukanganisa mashoko pacharo (unary, kana kuroorwa, oparesheni). Izvi zvakare akavhiyiwa kuti vaunze mashoko matsva nemhaka yaivapo tsika (binary kushandiswa, kana mapatya). Sezvakarayirwa musoro remapazi kwakafanana kana kuita chero masvomhu kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi, ari maonero mumabhuraketi.

Nyore uye mumwe inozivikanwa zvikuru mashandiro anoita Boolean pfungwa basa iri kuramba. Izvi nyore pfungwa oparesheni chinhu pakatarisana kukosha mazano operand. In zvemagetsi, chiito ichi dzimwe nguva anonzi inversion. Somuenzaniso, kana iwe invert zvinotaurwa "chokwadi", zvinoguma "venhema". NdiEzekieri - the negation tsika "venhema" kuchaguma kukosha "chokwadi". Izvi inonzwisisika kushanda zvirongwa rinowanzoshandiswa branching algorithms uye Implementation of "kusarudza" imwe Zvakazoitwa yakatarwa mirayiro nemhaka aivapo zvabuda kana kushandurwa mamiriro.

binary oparesheni

In mapurogiramu ekombiyuta uye kushandisa shoma akagadzirwa binary (binary) kushandiswa. Vakazozvinzwisisa zita ravo kubva pamashoko Latin bi, zvichireva "mbiri" uye ndiyo mitambo kuti kutora mbiri chiyamuro nharo uye kudzokera Somugumisiro mune ukoshi chitsva. For kurondedzerwa mashandiro ose Boolean nemasvomhu anoshandisa chokwadi pamatafura.

Zvavanoda-

gadziriro iri akaitira mumwe yakawanda chiyamuro operands uye rinotsanangura zvose zvichizoita tsika, izvo zvinogona kudzoka akafanorongerwa pfungwa kushanda panguva akati akaisa chiyamuro parameters.

Inonyanyoshandiswa kushandiswa Unoshanda iri kombiyuta uye kombiyuta michina dzinonzwisisika Kuwedzera (disjunction) uye musoro chokuwanziridza (pachiimbwa).

pachiimbwa

The inonzwisisika mashandiro "UYE" - iri Zvaiitwa kusarudza miduku zviviri kana N chiyamuro operands. On kupinda basa iri rinogona kuva zviviri (binary basa), tsika nhatu (ternary), kana risina parinogumira nhamba operands (n-Ary oparesheni). Kana pakuverenga mugumisiro mashandiro ichava ruduku pave chiyamuro tsika.

Analogue mu vanhuwo nemasvomhu ari kushanda chokuwanziridza. Naizvozvo, kuti pachiimbwa oparesheni zvinowanzooneka kunzi musoro chokuwanziridza. Kana chiratidzo mashandiro kurekodha mabasa kana chokuwanziridza chiratidzo (pfungwa) kana imwe ampersand. Kana isu kuti tafura chokwadi kuti basa iri, zvichava kuonekwa kuti mashandiro yakaiswa kuti "chokwadi" kana 1, chete nechokwadi zvose mazano operands. Kana pane mumwe mazano parameters ndiyo razero, kana mutengo "venhema", mugumisiro mashandiro achava "venhema".

Izvi zvinoratidza muenzaniso svomhu chokuwanziridza: chokuwanziridza, uye chero nhamba seti nenhamba kuti 0 somugumisiro dzose anodzoka 0. ichi pfungwa oparesheni ndiyo commutative: Kurongeka nayo anogamuchira chiyamuro parameters hakumbokanganisi okupedzisira mugumisiro dzemaitirwe.

Chimwe chinhu chinoratidza basa iri associativity, kana associativity. pfuma iyi inobvumira dzemaitirwe pamusoro binary kutevedzana remapazi hakuiti kufungawo murayiro wayo. Naizvozvo, nokuti 3 kana kupfuura asi akatevedzana musoro chokuwanziridza oparesheni haumanikidzwi kufungawo mumabhuraketi. In mapurogiramu, basa iri rinowanzoshandiswa nechokwadi chokuti mirayiro yakananga akaurayiwa kana uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. zvimwe zvinhu chete.

disjunction

The inonzwisisika mashandiro "OR" - chimiro Boolean basa, izvo zvakafanana algebraic Kunze. Other mazita basa ichi - musoro Uyezve disjunction. Saizvozvowo, sezvo musoro chokuwanziridza oparesheni, disjunction zvingava binary (kuverenga ukoshi kwakavakirwa maviri nharo), ternary kana N-Ary.

Chokwadi tafura iyi inonzwisisika oparesheni rudzi nzira kuna pavanoparidza. The inonzwisisika mashandiro "OR" anoti yakanakisisa mugumisiro pakati yawapihwa nenharo. Disjunction anogamuchira goho mutengo "venhema", kana 0 chete apo vose mazano parameters vakagamuchira nemararamiro 0 ( "venhema"). Nemamwe nyaya ipi yacho goho achapiwa vakawana kukosha "wechokwadi", kana 1. Kuti kunyora basa iri zvinowanzoshandiswa kwemasvomhu chiratidzo Kuwedzera ( "pamwe") kana mbiri tote rinoparadza. The musiyano wezvinyorwa wechipiri kwakapararira mapurogiramu mumitauro yakawanda uye vaifarira nokuti kunoita kuti pachena kuparadzanisa chezvaizoitika nokushanda svomhu.

Mukuru ehupfumi kuti musoro kwacho

Basic zvisingarambiki kushandiswa, kana unary, binary, ternary kana mamwe mabasa, vari pasi dzimwe mitemo uye zvivako zvinorondedzera maitiro avo. Mumwe ehupfumi inokosha yakadai sebasa ne-pamusoro apa pfungwa mabasa vari commutative.

chinhu ichi zvinoita kuti permutation basa anoisa operand ukoshi haachinji. Havasi dzaishandisa zvose vane pfuma iyi. Kusiyana pachiimbwa uye disjunction kuti kugutsa commutativity zvinodiwa, kushanda kuti chizvaro chokuwanziridza haachipo, uye rearrangement zvinokonzera ichishanda ino kunotoreva mugumisiro kuchinja, uyewo Exponentiation.

Chimwe chinhu

Chimwe chinokosha, iro rinoshandiswa mune zvemagetsi uye hushande, ndiye kuzviisa pasi pakati yegwara musoro remapazi De Morgan mitemo.

Mitemo iyi kusunga yegwara pfungwa remapazi kushandisa musoro negation basa, kuti unoshandiswa kuratidza inonzwisisika oparesheni uchishandisa mamwe. Somuenzaniso, imwe pachiimbwa negation basa ringaratidzwa kubudikidza disjunction negations yoga operands. Mitemo iyi iri musoro kushanda "UYE", "OR" uye vzaimovyrazheny unogona chinozoiswa shoma Hardware mutengo. Nyaya iyi zvikuru anobatsira redunhu design, sezvo unokubvumira kuponesa zvinhu dzemaitirwe uye inotungamirwa machipisi.