The nemamiriro rutsoka sechiratidzo shanduka vakakwana dzemuviri.

Shanduka bipedalism kuti nemamwe zvikamu kwevanhu marangwanda, usina analogues pakati zvakafanana mashekeri marangwanda vamwe vamiririri mhuka nyika. Kutanga, anochinja Maumbirwe nomuzongoza, izvo akabvumira munhu kunogara wehunyambiri nzvimbo pamusoro pemvura kufamba kwake. Uye chechipiri, hunhu, akapiwa kugara mutoro pamusoro rutsoka, tsoka marangwanda yachinja, zvokuti iye, akavapindurawo, akanzwa hapana kuneta apo tichifamba kana akamira. Daily kuita chero injini aite pamwe nekupinda rezasi maoko nemakumbo, murume zvimwe anoisa kumanikidza ose yayo uremu iri raiita vatete uye diki anatomi. The nemamiriro rutsoka kwazvo zvakaoma zvakasikwa, sezvo ari STRUCTURAL chikwata ine vakawanda mapfupa, nemarunda, majoini, uye dzakaonda chaizvo, uyewo zvakasiyana aro dzichipfekeka unhu tsandanyama. Marangwanda pano, sezvo zvirokwazvo neimwe chikamu muviri ndiwo mapfupa zvinoumba nevamwe chitarisiko netsoka. Sezvo mumaoko rokumusoro maoko nemakumbo, uye vari rutsoka, kune zvitatu zvakakosha dhipatimendi.

1. Taso. Saka ndicho chikamu unobatanidza guru mapfupa tubular repasi kumugumo nomucheka. Maererano zvavo histological nemamiriro mapfupa tarsal inogona semhosva chipanje pfupi chaizvo hukuru. In yose, mune nomwe duku mapfupa weTaso, iyo guru vanoonekwa kudhumhana uye calcaneus. Vamwe, kureva, vatatu achikanganisa serin'i, cuboid uye mapfupa navicular pamusoro kukura dzavo yekudyidzana muduku maviri okutanga. The nemamiriro rutsoka kunyanya pakuti ane vakawanda articular majoini iri duku pamusoro. Astragalus pamwe tibia mapfupa vanoumba ane neketani rwakashodoka. Mapfupa vasara rutsoka yevanhu Runowanzobatanidzwawo mumwe vachishandisa dzimwe majoini.
2. Hock. Zviri pakati chikamu pakati mapfupa predplyusnievymi uye phalanges tsoka. Metatarsals vari akaronga chimwe distal kubva matatu achikanganisa serin'i uye cuboid pfupa. In mapfupa plyusnievyh zvitatu aikosha: musoro, izvo rinobatanidza navo phalanxes, muviri uye nechepasi unobva anatomical zvivako izvi mapfupa duku tarsal pamusoro mapfundo.
3. Phalanges. Vari Kazhinji vatatu, kwete kusanganisira nomunwe wokutanga, umo mune phalanges maviri chete. Ndiyo chete chikamu wemagazini, izvo zvinogona wakakokonyara uye unbent, pasina kufungisisa neketani vadyi, inova hafu mapfupa gumbo.

The nemamiriro rutsoka ane mumwe chairo chinhu, uye kuonga zvose hunyambiri nzvimbo muviri wose. Zvisinei, chokwadi chokuti longitudinal akabatana kuti rutsoka iri rinenge kurudyi dzinoita kuti hunyambiri akabatana ari proximal mugove rezasi maoko nemakumbo, pfupa munharaunda hamusi chete ndege sezvo vamwe vavo anoumba munhu longitudinal, uye chimwe chikamu transverse chematenga. The concave hafu sepasi akatarisana norutsoka, uye convex - kune veshure pamusoro, ukuwo. rutsoka Chimiro rinopa springiness, elasticity uye kumeso gait. Panguva yokuzorora, uve munhu pasi zvakasimba akabata chitsitsinho pfupa (chikomo chacho) uye musoro mapfupa metatarsal. Zvose zviri pedyo pasi dzamutswa munyama norutsoka. Panguva iyi, kureva, panguva zororo, kuti vanotsigira chematenga, uko kunomiririrwa rokunze pemvura rutsoka, uyewo anobata pasi, uye pakatarisana mupendero womukati iri zvishoma akamutswa kubva pasi uye anoita somunhu shizha chitubu (chitubu boka yakatarwa). Munguva kufamba kwedenga flattens boka muchirimo, izvozvo anodzokera nzvimbo yaro yepakutanga, nokudaro kunyoroveswa danho uye kurerutsa mutoro uremu muviri pamusoro rutsoka pachayo.