The solubility chemhangura mumvura uye acids

Hwaro makemikari zvivako zvakawanda zvinhu kukwanisa avo mudutu imwe aqueous nomutoo uye acids. Kudzidza unhu chokuita pasi rinoita mhangura maturo pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu. A chinoratidza kwemakemikari ayo pezvakaitwa ndiyo paumbwe yeimwe pamwe amoniya, mekuri, nitric uye sulfuric acids. Low mhangura solubility mumvura hakusi kugona kukonzera ngura pezvakaitwa. S yokusafa dzakananga namakemikari ehupfumi, vachibvumira kushandisa mukomboni mumaindasitiri siyana.

Description eremendi

Copper ichaongororwa dangwe zvacho, izvo vakadzidza sei kuti vanhu vakawanda BC. Izvi zvinhu yakagadzirirwa kubvira dzinongoitika manyuko muchimiro esimbi. Copper-inonzi makemikari maatomu akafanana tafura rechiLatin zita cuprum, ane urongwa nhamba akaenzana 29. periodic gadziriro, riri mu wechina nguva uye ndoweboka rokutanga.

Natural fuma iri Pink-tsvuku weheavy metal ine nyoro uye nyore kufurirwa marongerwo. The tembiricha yaro Kubika uye utsotso pfungwa - 1000 ° C. Chinhu kondakita akanaka.

Makemikari mamiriro uye zvivako

Kana Paunoongorora yemagetsi payakavakirwa pemhangura atomu, zvinokwanisika kuti rione kuti ane 4 nhanho. On the Valence 4S-orbital ndiyo chete Erekitironi chete. Munguva nemakemikari vanogona wakanamatira kubva atomu 1 kusvika 3 isakarurama mhosva nezvimedu, ipapo vakawana yeimwe mhangura oxidation mamiriro +3, +2, +1. It ine mukuru pakusimba divalent nomukaka.

In nemakemikari, izvozvo anoita somunhu pasi-basa simbi. Under zvavo ezvinhu emhangura solubility mumvura chisipo. In yakaoma mhepo ngura haina kuchengetwa, asi muchidziisa simbi pamusoro zvinenge zvakazara nhema tinge pamusoro ferrous oxide. Chemical nemishonga hwemhangura kunoratidzwa kuitwa anhydrous magasi kabhoni nhamba Organic yeimwe, phenol Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti, uye alcohols. It kunoratidzwa zvakaitwa complexation pakabudiswa mavara yeimwe. Copper ane pasi wanano ane boka simbi alkali akasungwa chokuumba anoverengeka nomukaka zviri monovalent.

Chii solubility?

muitiro uyu paumbwe homogeneous hurongwa muchimiro zvinogadzirisa kuburikidza ndikurumidze mumwe remubatanidzwa nevamwe zvinhu. zvinoriumba yavo nomumwe mamorekuru, maatomu, ions nezvimwe zvacho. The mwero solubility iri pakutsvaga wevasungwa iri pfuma, iyo ichiputswa mukugadzirwa munhu nomuti mhinduro.

The chairema yakayerwa kazhinji pauwandu hweavo, vhoriyamu kana uremu zvikamu zviduku. The solubility chemhangura mumvura, mamwe yeimwe kufanana hwakasimba chimiro, pasi chete nokuchinja tembiricha ezvinhu. ukama Izvi yakaratidzwa makakombama. Kana nhamba iri dikisa, nefuma anoonekwa kuti insoluble.

The solubility chemhangura ari aqueous svikiro

Metal rinoratidza ngura kuramba pasi zvinoitwa yomugungwa. Izvi zvinoratidza inertness kwayo chaiye ezvinhu. The solubility chemhangura mumvura (yakachena) iri kushanda kwete kuchengetwa. Asi nyoro ezvinhu uye pasi mugumisiro carbon dioxide inobvisa pamusoro simbi pamusoro vari vakaumba matepi manyoro inova chinokosha carbonate:

Cú + bv + haiwa ₂ + H ₂ Haiwa + CO ₂ → bv (OH) ₂ · CuCO _2.

Kana isu funga ayo monovalent remubatanidzwa somunhu munyu, zvinonzi vakacherechedza zvishomanana nemukuparadzwa. zvinhu zvakadai inozviisa nokukurumidza oxidation. Zvinoguma divalent yemhangura akakura. munyu izvi vane solubility zvakanaka aqueous nevezvenhau. Ko dissociation kwavo zvizere munzvimbo ions.

acid solubility

Kwakajairika maitiro ezvinhu percolation ndarira simba kana rakasanganiswa acids regai kupa mukukurukurirana dzavo. Hakuna kumbova kwemakemikari muitiro simbi pamwe alkalis. The solubility mhangura acids vanogona, kana vane simba oxidizing nevamiririri. Chete iyi, kubata kunoitika.

The solubility mhangura nitric asidhi

Uku kuita zvinogoneka nokuti kuti pane simba chesimbi oxidation reagent. Nitric asidhi rakasanganiswa mune pfungwa yokushanda chimiro uye rinoratidza nzvimbo pamwe oxidative pokufa mhangura.

In wokutanga musimboti inotengwa panguva zvakaitwa remhangura nitrate uye bivalent senitrogen oxide iri nhamba 75% 25%. Process pamwe sanganisa nitric asidhi inogona yakarondedzerwa zvinotevera mukana wokuti vanhu vanga:

8HNO ₃ + 3Cu → 3Cu (NO _{3) 2} + NO + NO + 4h ₂ O.

Kana yechipiri, mumwe nitrate zvemhangura uye senitrogen oxides divalent uye tetravalent ane nhamba 1 1. Izvi zvinosanganisira 1 nhuta nesimbi uye 3 moles zviri kuramba nitric acid. Pamusoro pokufa mhangura iri kudziyisa simba pamusoro mhinduro, zvichiguma chafariz manyowa pakati oxidant kunoitika nekuona mamwe Vhoriyamu senitrogen oxides:

4HNO ₃ + akabereka → Cũ (NO _{3) 2} + NO ₂ + NO ₂ + 2h ₂ O.

The Zvakaitwa inoshandiswa madiki kugadzirwa, chokuita kubudiswa chinyorwa kana achibvisa unhani tsvina. Zvisinei, izvozvo nzira Kuparadzwa mhangura ane nhamba payakaipira chokuita nokubudiswa yakawanda senitrogen oxides. Akakunda kana neutralize navo kunoda chinokosha michina. pezvakaitwa ava zvinodhura chaizvo.

Copper nemukuparadzwa anonzi kwakakwana kana pane kumira kugadzirwa akadaro senitrogen oxides zvakakwana. The Zvakaitwa tembiricha anoda kubva 60 kusvika 70 ° C. Danho iri richikwidibira chemhinduro yacho makemikari reactor. Nechepasi pane zvidimbu zviduku simbi izvo asina wakaita. To kunoguma mvura akawedzerwa mvura uye filtration rinoitwa.

Solubility mu sulfuric asidhi

Kazhinji ichi kuita hakuitiki. Determinant mhangura nemukuparadzwa mu sulfuric acid, ndiko simba yevasungwa. Rakasanganiswa svikiro haagoni oxidize simbi. Pokufa mhangura kuramba sulfuric asidhi rinobuda pamwe nokubudiswa sulphate.

The muitiro varehwa zvinotevera mukana wokuti vanhu vanga:

Bv + H ₂ SO ₄ + H ₂ SO ₄ → CuSO ₄ + 2h ₂ Haiwa + SO _2.

The ehupfumi emhangura sulfate

Salt dibasic ainziwo sulfate, kunan'anura nayo: CuSO _4. Zviri fuma pasina chero maitiro kwakanaka, vachiratidza kuva volatility. The anhydrous chimiro munyu haina ruvara, zviri opaque, tine mupristi hygroscopicity. In mhangura (sulfate) solubility zvakanaka. Water mamorekuru, richibatana munyu anogona kuumba crystalline hydrate akakura. Muenzaniso uri sulfate hwemhangura, ndiro topotecan mutema. Its fomura: CuSO ₄ · 5 ₂ O.

Crystalline hydrate yokusafa rinokwanisa kucheneruka tint läpinäkyvä yakarongeka, ivo vanoratidza inorwadza, esimbi kuravira. Molecules vanogona kurasikirwa mvura yavo kubatanidzwa pamusoro nguva. Zvakasikwa, anowanikwa muchimiro zvicherwa, izvo zvinosanganisira chalcanthite uye butit.

Anofumurwa mhangura sulfate. Solubility chinhu exothermic kuita. chinokosha yakawanda kupisa iri zvakapararira munzvimbo nedanho hydration munyu.

The solubility mhangura nesimbi

Somugumisiro izvi pseudoalloys vakaumba pamusoro Fe uye cú. To esimbi simbi uye mhangura kunogona shoma yakawiriranwa solubility. Maximum zvayo tsika dziri kuchengetwa tembiricha chinoratidza 1099,85 ° C. The dhigirii yemhangura solubility mu yakasimba chimiro akaenzana 8.5% yesimbi. Ava zvidiki zviratidzo. Pokufa esimbi simbi iri yakasimba muchimiro mhangura anenge 4.2%.

Achideredza tembiricha mumba tsika inoita zvishomanana yakawiriranwa kwendangariro. Kana zvakanyunguduka simbi yemhangura anokwanisa zvakanaka inonyorovesa simbi iri hwakasimba chimiro. Pakugadzirira Fe uye Cũ pseudoalloys kushandisa preform. Zvasikwa nokutsikirira kana kugocha simbi upfu chipo wakachena kana chiwanikwa fomu. preform kwakadaro akaiswa mushonga wokuuraya mura mhangura, zvichiumba pseudoalloys.

Kuparadzwa muna amoniya

The muitiro Kazhinji rinobva nokuisa ari NH ₃ ari gaseous muchimiro pamusoro tsvuku-inopisa simbi. Zvinoguma pokufa mhangura amoniya, kuzviparadzanisa cú ₃ N. remubatanidzwa iyi anonzi monovalent nitride.

Munyu waro pachena amoniya mhinduro. Kuwedzerwa reagent kusvikira kwemhangura chloride kunotungamirira kunayisa muchimiro hydroxide:

CuCl ₂ + NH ₃ + NH ₃ + 2h ₂ Haiwa → 2NH ₄ Cl + Cũ (OH) ₂ ↓.

Zvakawandisa amoniya inosimudzira paumbwe kunzwisisa mhando remubatanidzwa ane rima-mutema dziberekane:

Bv (OH) ₂ ↓ + 4NH ₃ → [bv (NH _{3) 4]} (OH) _2.

Izvi rinoshandiswa kuona cupric ions.

The solubility resimbi

In pearlitic nyore kufurirwa kukandira simbi mamiriro kunze dzinokosha zvinoumba mamwe maatomu akafanana aripo ari muchimiro kwakajairika mhangura. Kureva izvozvo anowedzera graphitization pamusoro kabhoni maatomu kunowedzera fluidity, simba neukukutu pakati alloys. The simbi kunobatsirawo nenhanho perlite wokupedzisira chigadzirwa. The solubility mhangura nesimbi rinoshandiswa nokuda doping ari kutanga sezvamunoita. Chinangwa chikuru izvi ndiko kuwana nyore kufurirwa chiwanikwa. Achaita kwakavandudza zvemaziso uye ngura zvivako, asi akaderedza embrittlement.

Kana mhangura zviri simbi anenge 1%, mwero simba panguva ndichisveerera akaenzana 40%, uye zvibereko inowedzerawo kusvika 50%. Izvi zvinooneka anoshandura zvechadenga chiwanikwa. Kuwedzera uwandu simbi dopant 2%, inotungamirira kuti vachinje simba kukosha 65% uye kuerera mwero rinova akaenzana 70%. At dzakakwirira zviri mhangura simbi Zvinoumba spheroidal graphite akaumba kupfuura. Nhanganyaya nemamiriro alloying chinhu haachinji mabikirwo wezvamatongerwe viscous uye munyoro chiwanikwa. The nguva iripo kuti annealing kuti rienderane ya maitiro ari kugadzirwa simbi pasina marara mhangura. Zviri maawa anenge 10.

Kushandiswa mhangura nokuda kwezvifananidzo zvaAtemisi kukandira simbi rurefu Kuwanda nesilicon haisi kukwanisa kubvisa vanonzi ferrugination muvhenganiswa zvachose munguva annealing. Somugumisiro, mumwe chigadzirwa ane yakaderera kushinga.

Solubility mu nemekiyuri

Kana hwakakanyiwa simbi nemekiyuri vamwe zvinhu vakawana amalgam. Izvi zvinogona kutora nzvimbo panguva mumba tembiricha, nekuti mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro imvura Pb. The solubility mhangura iri nemekiyuri kunoitika chete panguva kudziyisa. Metal anofanira kutanga dimura. Pamusoro wetting mura nemekiyuri hwakasimba mhangura chinhu yakawiriranwa kupinda rimwe fuma kupinda mumwe muitiro kana diffusion. The kukosha solubility chinoratidzwa kuva chikamu uye 7.4 * 10 ^-3. Panguva zvakaitwa hwakasimba inotengwa nyore amalgam zvakafanana kuumba. Kana chiri chiduku kupisa, izvozvo dzinopomhodza. Somugumisiro, musanganiswa akadaro rakashandiswa yokugadzirisa porcelain. Panewo kunzwisisa amalgam pamwe Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri zviri simbi mairi. Somuenzaniso, mune imwe mazino chiwanikwa ane okunze sirivha, tini, mhangura uye zinc. uwandu hwavo kubva muzana zvinoreva zviviri 65: 27: 6: 2. Amalgams yakadaro sezvamunoita inonzi sirivha. Mumwe rokuti chiwanikwa anoita dzakananga basa, izvo zvinoita kuti vawane yepamusoro chisimbiso.

Mumwe muenzaniso uri amalgam chiwanikwa iyo pane mukuru yemhangura kugutsikana. It Anonziwo emhangura chiwanikwa. The Kuronga amalgam aripo kubva 10 kusvika 30% cú. High kuwanda mhangura kunodzivisa netini akaita pamwe mekuri, chisingazivi kuumba simba chaizvo uye kungatikanganisa chiwanikwa danho. Uyezve, kuderedza uwandu esirivheri chisimbiso kunoguma zvinoderedza mutengo. Kugadzirira amalgam chinhu chinodiwa kuti kushandisa inert mhepo kana rwokudzivirira mvura iyo inoita firimu. Metals anoumba chiwanikwa inokwanisa kukurumidza oxidized nendege. The kudziyisa kwacho Cuprum amalgam pamberi rehydrogen kunotungamirira munhu nemekiyuri DISTILLATION kuti Anopatsanura zvokuvamba mhangura. Sezvaunogona kuona, nyaya iri nyore kudzidza. Zvino imi munoziva sezvo mhangura interacts kwete chete nemvura asiwo acids uye nezvimwe zvinhu.