Topographic Kuongorora: mifananidzo, chinangwa uye kuzadzika

Vanhu Most pashure munyika kutora urongwa kuramba kuvaka pamusoro payo kuzororo musha, yezvokutengeserana kugadzwa kana kuvaka dzichipfekeka chinangwa chaicho. Chii magwaro anodiwa chakadaro pachibvumirano? Chokutanga, chirongwa pamwe kukura, iyo nzvimbo zvivako uye kukurukurirana, pamwe zvose pasi uye pasi pevhu. Nokuti kunyoresa mapepa akadaro inoitwa topographical ongororo nzvimbo kuti rinopa mashoko rakakwana pamusoro zvaidiwa Nzvimbo dzaro nenzvimbo Coordinates.

Sezvo zvagara pano kuita munda, sezvo kazhinji vakatenga kana was kuti unozotevera kukura zvirimwa zvakasiyana-siyana uye avo Implementation mune nehoro. Zvisinei, mune zvimwe zviitiko, kunyange kana kushandisa kwakadaro inokurudzirwa kunyika panenge pachivakwa, kuitira kuona notional razero pfungwa. Zviri pachinhu zvichaparadzwa Akaongorora nzvimbo pamusoro nenzvimbo zvinhu zvakadai nemipata, zvikomo, inoerera nevamwe.

Topographic Mapping - chii?

For chaiyo zvirongwa kana zvikamu yepakutanga mepu yacho kuitwa chaiyo yakatarwa mabasa, unonzi topographical kuongorora. All zvichiguma kuyerwa kusangana mureza uye dzichiiswa muchimiro kwakajairika GOST 22268-76.

Kune mhando nhatu zvevhu kuongorora:

- akaronga;

- kukwira;

- zvabatanidzwa.

Somuenzaniso, imwe chinjikira (urongwa) inorondedzera Coordonatele yacho panyaya panyika, kutwasuka - kukwirira pfungwa idzi.

Topographic anobvumira kuyera chaiyo mufambo imwe chikamu makona ayo uye nezvimwewo. Kuti aite oparesheni iyi uchishandisa chinokosha zviridzwa.

Varieties kuongorora

Inobva kutambudzwa nhasi, zvinotevera topographic-siyana:

• Poderevnaya - rinoitwa pakuberekwa kutsva kwenzvimbo, achiratidza chairo nzvimbo miti dzichikura rangano urongwa.
• 1: 200 - Mega. Rinoshandiswa pakuberekwa kutsva rokuvaka nzvimbo uye rinobvumira here kuti rakarurama kupfuura yese chipo pamusoro payo nezvivakwa siyana uye zvimwe zvinhu.
• 1: 500 - "pyatisotke". Izvi mhando rinoshandiswa achigadzirira zvakawanda vanodhirowa uye tenzi toronga nzvimbo utilities kuti riwedzere pamwe panovakwa.
• 1: 2000 - zvakadai chikero topographical kuongorora chinoshandiswa kuumba urongwa uye zvirongwa dzomumisha (misha uye dzomumaguta nharaunda) uye makuru maindasitiri mabhizimisi.

Mhando panenge pachivakwa maererano muitiro

Topographic Kuongorora inogona rakakamurwa mifananidzo, kufunga midziyo yaishandiswa panguva mabasa aya:

• Theodolite - kunzwisisa pasi kuongorora yakagadzirwa kuwana arşive mashoko anogadzirwa pachishandiswa rangefinders uye Theodolite;
• stereotopographical - dzinoratidzwa vawane mashoko chepuraimari kushandisa redhiyo peya;
• bussolnaya kuongorora akaita midziyo yakadai rangefinders uye nekambasi;
• menzulnaya - unoitiswa telescopic alidade uye tafura ndege;
• zvemuchadenga Photography - unokubvumira kuwana mufananidzo Photographic, kushandisa ndege;
• digitaalinen - muitiro kuwana chifananidzo Manyiminya, vakazochinja hwakatamisirwa yakananga svikiro;
• Akash Kuongorora rinopa mashoko pasi siyana reservoirs, akaita Akash.

Chinangwa panenge pachivakwa uye geodetic nemabasa

hazvo pamberi kuvaka akaita geodetic mabasa, uyewo haizopereri kupfura. Yokutanga zvakakodzera kuwana matanho yakarurama marefu, napazvikomo uye pamakona kusarudza chikamu nzvimbo yaro miganhu Geographic coordinates. Asi nyanzvi panenge pachivakwa rinoitwa kuti asike mepu nemachati kuvaka uye nedzimwe nzvimbo. Narwo unogona kuvaka yakarurama digitaalinen 3D-muenzaniso yacho. The anowanzodanwa kushandiswa kupfura akamboona guru. Pamusana kwaari, mukana kugadzira rokugadzira chivanze, kuti dzifambirane tenzi zvirongwa uye gadzirira vanodhirowa.

Nzira kuti kuongorora

Kana yokuvakira zvakakodzera kuita geodetic mabasa, zvino zvakafanira kuziva kuti ndiite muitiro wakadaro kuti zvakarurama kuita zvose kudzidziswa anodiwa. Achiita panenge pachivakwa ine mumatanho akawanda:

1. Preparatory. Ndakasimudza makaita, gadziriro anodiwa mapepa uye vakashanyira kuMudzidzisi vehurumende kuti vawane mvumo kuti aite mabasa aya.
2. Field. Panguva iyi, mufananidzo chinobviswa.
3. Magumisiro - ndeyekupedzisira danho rokunyora waishandiswa mashoko uye urongwa, uyewo chokuendesa basa rinoitwa.

Sezvinogona kuoneka kubva wokupedzisira danho, mutengi pashure zvose zvakafanira manipulations anogadzirira topographic kuronga uye hwakadzama mushumo. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti nhamba mutengo uye kunaka panenge pachivakwa vari kunobva pachido kwakaita nzvimbo yacho rangano rayo nzvimbo, saka rokutanga panenge pachivakwa mabasa inokurudzirwa kuti bhuku zvawo. Chete iyi migumisiro vakawana aivabatsira unyanzvi unozotevera achiurayiwa panenge pachivakwa.