Tsika Yekare YeIndia. Nhanho huru uye maitiro

India inonzi inofanana neyekare yekare muhupenyu hwevanhu, ine unhu hwepamusoro hwetsika. Ihu huwandu hwouchapupu hwomunguva yekare hwetsika yavo hwawanikwa munharaunda yenyika. Zvakawanda zvezviwanikwa zvinoshandiswa kune yekutanga, nguva ye Lower Paleolithic, Mesolithic uye, kunyanya, Neolithic. Tiri kutaura pamusoro pemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuvhima zvishandiso, Tesla, zviyo, zvakasara zvemasukisi, shards yemidziyo nezvimwe zvinhu. Mifananidzo yakavezwa yakave yakaratidzwa kuenzanidza nhamba dzakasiyana dzevanhu nemhuka, pamwe nekuvhima. Tsika yekare yeIndia imwe yezvakasiyana uye, pasina mubvunzo, inonakidza.

Kubvunzwa, kwakagadzirwa mumupata weRwizi rweIndus, kwakaratidza kuti hubudiriro hwaive huri pano muchitatu-yechipiri mamireniyamu BC. Mukuwedzera kune zvigadzirwa zvematombo zvepanyama, pane zvinyorwa zvemhangura uye zvendarira (mapfumo, majeko, magetsi, hove dzehove, majeko, chissel, maona uye zvikwekwe). Vagari varo vakadzidza kupinza kamba. Potter uye zvishongo zvakapararira. Mumumisha makanga mune zvivako zviviri uye zvitatu, pamwe chete nekucheneswa kwemvura uye magadziriro emvura.

Muchikamu chechipiri chechitatu chemireniyamu BC. Tsika yekare yeIndia inozivikanwa nekuti chizivo chesayenzi chakatanga kuumbwa. Ikoko kune mutauro wakanyorwa, zvekurima, kushambadzira, mishonga, geometry, uyewo yakagadzirwa chess.

Kuwedzera kwechokwadi uye kutumbuka ndezana remakore rechina-rechipiri. BC, apo Gupt dynasty uye Mauryev vakatonga. Masayendisiti akasika chirongwa chekuverenga, chirevo chemazuva ano chinonzi digital, algebra, masitimu, trigonometry, nyeredzi.

Panguva iyi nguva yesayenzi netsika yekare yeIndia yakawedzerwa nekuziva chemhemikari. Izvi zvakaita kuti zvive nyore kugadzirira mazano akaoma kubva kune mercury, metal salts, sement, zvinonhuwira, zvinodhaka, pevhu, acids, nezvimwe zvakadaro.

Ivo ruzivo rwakawanikwa rwakakonzerwa nekusikwa kwezvinobudirira uye zvakabudirira zvakabudirira.

Ihwo hutsika hwekare hweIndia hwakatanga kukura zvakasimba pakuguma kwechipiri - kutanga kwemakore ekutanga yemakore BC. Pakati pezvivako zvemabhuku zvakakosha kuziva Vhedas, Vedic mabhuku, "Zvitsvene Zvitendero", sutras (iyo nzira yekurudziro yekuita mitambo yezvibayiro, mitemo nemitemo yehupenyu hwemusha), uye pakati pezvinyorwa-epic mabhuku. Pamusoro pechitendero uye mifananidzo yevanhu, mharidzo yakasiyana-siyana uye nhetembo dzakawanda dzakagadzirwa.

Tsika yekare yeIndia inozivikanwa pasi pose uye yakachengetedza kusvikira nhasi musiyo wayo wakasiyana, unova kubatana kwekuimba uye mimhanzi inobatsira, pamwe chete nechitarisiko chemaziso, kutamba uye zviratidzo.

Chirwere chekukwana chiyeuchidzo cheumhando dzakanaka (frescoes, zvigadzirwa uye unyanzvi hwemhizha), uyewo matanho akasiyana-siyana. Mhando dzakashandiswa dzinowanikwa mune upfumi, kuratidza, kufanana kwezvifananidzo, kushingaira kwekugadzirisa mhinduro, dzakasiyana-siyana uye kusagadzikana kwekugadzirwa.

Zviratidzo zvechimiro chekare zveIndia zvakanyanya kuwedzerwa kana Buddhism ichipararira munyika. Chitendero chitsva chakatungamirira pakugadzirwa kwemavara uye kuiswa kwezvivako zvechitendero: matemberi emapako, mbiru dze monolithic, zvifananidzo zvevanamwari nezvimwe zvakadaro.

Nekuvandudzwa kwetsika nesayenzi, chimiro chevanhu vekare veIndia chakatanga kuchinja. Izvi zvakaita kuti kuve nekuparadzanisa kwakanyanya uye kusimba kwakasimba munyika. Yakanga yakavakirwa pane zvemagariro evanhu uye zvakasikwa zvebasa racho. Uyezve, izvi zvakatungamirira mukuumbwa kwamaboka akapfigwa:

• Varnas ina dzakagoverwa maererano nenzvimbo;
• Patsika remabasa - zvitatu nehafu zvuru.

Chimiro cheIndia chinoramba chisingaenzaniswi pamusana pemidzi yekare uye yekare. Akakwanisa kuchengeta zvinhu izvo zvinomuita zvechokwadi nyika uye anozivikanwa munyika yose.