Tungsten, Molybdenum: chiwanikwa kushanda

Natural chicherwa idzodzo kuti ane tungsten muna siyana yeimwe uye maindasitiri kuwanda kana dzokubudisa iri pamutemo zvinogoneka uye mune zvoupfumi noitika, - tungsten, molybdenum ores, uyewo beryllium, tini, mhangura, bismuth, neapo mekuri, namavara akanaka, sirivha, nendarama, Arsenic, tantalum, sarufa, scandium, niobium - nyika yakadaro isingawanzowanikwi pasi nesimbi, sezvo zita boka asina kupfuma. Kupfuura chinoumba mhangura tungsten - Molybdenum, kufanana zvikuru vamwe, izvozvo chinobviswa pasi wevasungwa uye kune kusarudza kana seboka inonyanya.

sei tungsten

Swedish kemisiti Carl Scheele, mishonga nokurovedza, aiitisa kuedza kwavo murabhoritari. Ikoko akawana munhu manganese, barium, kuiisa chlorine, kunyange okisijeni. Kwoupenyu hwake, akaita chinhu akaita kuwanikwa yaakanga akabvuma kuti Stockholm Academy of Sciences. Kunyange asati afa muna 1781, akamira chii zvaanoda haana kuroorana, saka kuita isu mumwe chipo chinoshamisa.

Unobereka ruzivo, Carl Scheele akaziva kuti tungsten (chicherwa, yainzi kuremekedza kwake scheelite) - munyu vamwe vachiri kuzivikanwa acid. Chaiva chikuru zvakawanikwa, asi maviri chete pashure pemakore mishonga kubva Spain nevadzidzi vake vakanga kure ichi chicherwa hachizi itsva maatomu akafanana zvakachinja ose postulates vari indasitiri. Zvisinei, ari kubvuta masimba kwakaitika kwete kamwe, remakore yokupedzisira, pamberi zvakava pachena chii aakatipa ehupfumi akaita tungsten.

kupatsanurana

Zvichienderana musango zvose ores tungsten vari rakakamurwa mhando mbiri: exogenous uye endogenous. Pakati yokupedzisira ndivo skarn, pegmatite, stringer-tsinga (hydrothermal) greyzerovye marudzi kuvabereki pamusoro ores, izvo ikashandiswa nhatu huru mhangura idzodzo. Izvi tungsten - tini, tungsten - molybdenum, tungsten - polymetals.

Dzimwe nguva, tungsten rinowanikwa pegmatites, izvo zviri zvikaramba uye scheelite munzira, vaitungamirira kugadzirwa sebheriri, cassiterite, tantalum niobate kana spodumene. Pegmatitnye munda - manyuko of alluvial - yakatanga vakawanda South East Asia uye Africa.

unganidza

Tungsten, molybdenum ari mhangura kune chokuita girenayiti intrusions, avo apical nhengo, apo pane prikrovlevye deposits, kazhinji achiperekedzwa esimbi stockworks vaviri intra- uye nadintruzivnymi.

Vanoumba vari plascheobraznye deposits, Isometric uye denderedzwa kana kunyanya kanopi zvekufuga. Well anozivikanwa uye mhangura miviri columnar mhando uye Stockworks kutadza chimiro. Deposit reserves apo pane molybdenum, tungsten, uye nezvimwe isingawanzowanikwi pasi zvicherwa, anenge kumbobvira vane reserves guru. The mhangura zvinofungidzirwa chete pamakumi, zvikuru kusingawanikwi mazana ezviuru matani.

dzokubudisa

Molybdenum, tungsten nezvimwe hydrothermal mhangura munyika dzine vari exo- uye girenayiti endocontact arrays izvo chimiro maviri chakarebesa kumbonyanya yakadzika - kusvika imwe kiromita - rose akatevedzana akararama pamawere donhwe zviri zvishoma avhareji vachidonhedzera waya. Uyewo kuwana Stockworks. Mitumbi mhangura vari aumba kubva Goldstone-wolframite, cassiterite, wolframite-Goldstone inclusions, kazhinji molybdenum, beryllium uye bismuthinite, yaiteverwa pamwe Goldstone-molybdenite-scheelite uye Goldstone-scheelite ores.

Yemanyorero mu ores akadaro ane tungsten, molybdenum, pasi isingawanzowanikwi simbi vamwe mune zviduku zvakawanda: kubva tungsten-hafu kune mumwe nehafu muzana, zvakawanda - zvishoma. Uye ichi pasinei pesimbi matura zviuru zvakawanda kana ezviuru matani, riri chaizvo, zvishoma. Mining Kazhinji kuitwa pachivande kana rakavhurika gomba nzira.

kugadzirwa Nzira

Tungsten deposits dzinosanganisira dzokubudisa nzira kana kuparara akaturikidzana kana zvido zvevanhu akaturikidzana shrinkage mhangura murenje zvinogumbura. Also kushandiswa nzira stowing kuti zvakanaka kukura mhenyu, skarn deposits kana greisen.

Open nzira presupposes shtorkverkov, skarn deposits kana greisen kana placers. On the makomba, unobereka tungsten mhangura, molybdenum, yemanyorero inoshanda nezvifambiso zvinosvika uye kwokunze marara. Muzviitiko izvi, kugadzirwa rinenge michini zvachose - makumi mapfumbamwe nezvishanu kubva muzana. Asi basa hazvirevi kuguma pano. Mhangura vapfume kudiwa, sezvo chete vaifanira mumwe uye imwe hafu muzana dzine pasi chisingawanzowaniki nesimbi - tungsten, molybdenum.

dhipoziti

In yaimbova USSR rinonyatsooneka deposits ose tungsten esimbi Akaongorora muKazakhstan, Eastern Siberia uye Far East, kuCaucasus uye Central Asia. Havasi vose dzinokudziridzwa. Mhiri kwemakungwa kubudiswa tungsten uye molybdenum rinoitwa kunyanya vazhinji muSouth Korea uye China. Kune rinonyatsooneka deposits munyika. Uyezve, tungsten iri mined muPortugal, Australia, Canada, Bolivia, United States, France, Austria uye Turkey.

Zvinofanira akati kuti South-East Asia uye ayo Pacific mhangura bhandi vanopfuura makumi matanhatu muzana tungsten reserves panyika. All ose, ari Akaongorora deposits zvachose matura tungsten nyika zvishoma zvikuru rimwe matani mamiriyoni nehafu. Somuenzaniso, goridhe anogadzirwa gore negore (kwete mumatanda, kureva kutanga), vanenge 4.278.200 matani.

ehupfumi

Kuva mumwe kupfuura refractory nesimbi, tungsten anova husingakuvadzi kushaika munzvimbo dzose dzinoitwa ne mukuru tembiricha. Sezvo kwemakemikari chaikosha Wolframium (W) mudura boka rechina periodic hurongwa. Its mabhomba kurema 183,85, uye nhamba 74. It ainzi nokuda kwayo chiedza wachena ruvara - pamwe German uye Wolf Rahm rakashandurwa se "mhumhi" uye "ruomba", kana chaizvoizvo - "Bere furo". Pasinei refractoriness, kugadzikana panguva dzekudya tembiricha. Zvicherwa vachigovera tungsten - wolframite, scheelite uye.

Tungsten - mumwe chikuru zvinoumba nokupisa nemishonga simbi pakati Superhard - kumhanya uye mudziyo, uyewo alloys pamwe chete ehupfumi - stellite, Unobata uye zvichingodaro. Asi wakachena tungsten, tinoona zuva nezuva, nokuti zvinowanzoshandiswa zvemagetsi mapurani. Somuenzaniso, muna filament mwenje yacho tungsten filament. Uyewo, iye rinokosha Electronics. Zvemagetsi vane cathode uye anode pamusoro simbi.

muchiso alloys

Kubudiswa tungsten uye molybdenum yakaoma, asi kunobatsira chaizvo. Indasitiri anoziva pezvitsiga shoma, zvimwe zvakawanda zvakafanana uye zvishoma. Tungsten akachena, pamwe yokuvirisa uye alloys pamwe nedzimwe simbi. Saka, akasiyana tsikisa BP - tungsten uye rhenium chiwanikwa; Kuchibhotla - pamwe lanthanum oxide somunhu dopant; VI - pamwe yttria; VT - somunhu chirungiso thorium oxide; VM - SILICA uye doped pamwe thorium; VA - pamwe aruminiyamu uye SILICA yokuvirisa; RF - yakaisvonaka tungsten.

Tungsten chinoumba carbide uye tungsten chiwanikwa uye molybdenum - superalloy, kufanana nevamwe. Uyewo dzake kupindura vari kugadzirira kusakara nemishonga turusi simbi. Of alloys izvi itai yakawanda injini zvikamu - avhiyesheni uye nzvimbo, mune dzimwe zvemagetsi - siyana mativi uye filament. Sezvo arambe achirema pamusoro simbi chaizvo, rinoshandiswa kuti counterweights, nokuti mabara atirari anoshongwa, nokuti ballistic zvombo (Kudzikamiswa Sefa, tungsten kukunda zana namakumi masere zviuru nokumukirana paminiti) nokuti mukuru-nokukurumidza rotors uyewo anoshandiswa nesimbi zvakadai tungsten uye molybdenum. Kuvashandisa, sezvataona, zvikuru kwazvo, uye munhu vangatoti akanatswa.

Minda chikumbiro

Pasina izvi zvisingawanzoitiki pasi nesimbi, chii vari chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, nhasi, havagoni kuita chero mushonga kana wefizikisi yenyukireya. Single crystals pamusoro tungstates vari scintillation michina, X-ray, uyewo mamwe ionizing radiations. Tungsten ditelluride (WTe ₂₎ rinoshandiswa kuti rokutendeutsa chafariz simba kupinda magetsi simba. Kunyange argon-chinhu chakakombama Welding kushandisa tungsten ive electrode.

Kunyanya zvikuru kushandiswa tungsten akakura. Rinoumba zvinhu uye alloys zvakasimba kuva hwaro tungsten carbide, zvinodiwa machine zvose nesimbi uye asiri esimbi zvivako. Izvi zvinonyanya kukosha muchina: azvikuya, achitendeuka, chisel, planing. Regai kuita zvino pasina carbide panguva kuchera uye mugodhi, uye nokuda kuti tinoda tungsten, molybdenum - kugadzira kugona zvose mabikirwo itsva navo.

Product mhando zvisingawanzoitiki-pasi simbi

WS ₂ (tungsten sulphide) - yakakwirira tembiricha girisi withstanding kusvika madhigirii mazana mashanu chilis. Apo yakasimba electrolyte unoitwa (mukuru-tembiricha chinotsva masero) rinoshandiswa tungsten trioxide. Textile, pendi indasitiri hunoyemurika uye zvakaoma ruzivo, vachishandisa sezvo anowedzera tungsten remubatanidzwa uye ruvara ane Organic Syntheses.

Indasitiri unobereka pakaitwa zvakasiyana zvigadzirwa, yaiva tungsten, molybdenum nezvimwe isingawanzowanikwi pasi simbi. The Zvinonyanyozivikanwa - zviri electrodes, waya, tungsten upfu, jira rod-. Electrodes haana ikavhunduka uye saka anogona kushandiswa Welding mukuru-chiwanikwa steels, asiri ferrous nesimbi uye zvinhu nedzimwe namakemikari nziyo. Hapana electrode haripi simba yakakwirira yakadaro weld.

molybdenum

Molybdenum alloys, uye akarondedzera kuna refractory zvokuvakisa. In yayo yakaisvonaka chimiro rinoshandiswa muchimiro waya kana tepi Heaters - yamavira, kunyange kushanda rehydrogen panguva tembiricha 1600 ° C. Gaba uye molybdenum waya hunodiwa electronic indasitiri, vari anoshandiswa X-ray mabikirwo molybdenum yakabereka zvakasiyana-siyana pagondobwe X-ray sepombi, Erekitironi sepombi, Vacuum sepombi.

Uyezve, molybdenum, uye tungsten sezvo inoshandiswa zvikuru kuvandudza steels. Chirungiso Mo kunowedzera simba, hardenability, ngura nemishonga, kuoma. Naizvozvo, tungsten uye molybdenum anoshandiswa kusika kupfuura dzinonetsa mativi uye chinonyanya kukosha mashoko. Chakadaro pokuoma iri chiwanikwa Stellite akatanga - chrome uye cobalt, kuti bindepinde mupendero zvikamu kushanda kusakara. Chromium, molybdenum, tungsten - chiwanikwa ichi kwakaoma zvisingaiti kudzima. Uyewo, iye anopiwa mumwe wokutanga nenzvimbo dzinoverengeka asidhi uye nokupisa nemishonga alloys.

nzvimbo

The chiwanikwa pamusoro tungsten uye molybdenum ari Zvinoumba ra musoro chero zvombo uye ndege. By simba rokutanga tungsten, wechipiri - molybdenum. Zvisinei, simba zvakananga pane kutonhora anenge gumi zana Celsius outputs alloys pamwe molybdenum pakutanga. Kana tembiricha iri kunyange yakakwirira - the tungsten uye tantalum zviri asingakundiki. Molybdenum zinga Panel yakagadzirwa avhiyesheni chitundumusere-musere Kamudzira anoshongwa uye zvombo kuti vakadzokera Earth, kupisa exchangers, kupisa nhoo, kudimburira micheto wamapapiro, stabilizers.

Where kushanda ezvinhu vari rinorema, kubatsira nyika isingawanzowanikwi simbi. Kubva zvinhu zvakadaro zvinogona kutarisira matunhu oxidation nemishonga uye gasi kukurwa kwevhu, mukuru simba uye kukwanisa kubata kava. Zvakawanda jeti uye chitundumuseremusere michini, achitevera pamipendero, turbine mashizha, ichibhabhamisa mokugezera, kuzvidzora hukawanika, chitundumuseremusere mokugezera, etc. - mapepa zvose izvi zvakaoma kutsungirira molybdenum.

pasi

Kuzova zvokuvakisa midziyo anoshanda mune svikiro pamusoro phosphoric, sulfuric uye hydrochloric acids, wakaumbwa molybdenum yayo alloys. It anoruramisa kunyange yakanyungudutswa magirazi, uye saka magirazi indasitiri inoita vakashandisa chaizvo molybdenum sezvo electrodes kuti utsotso.

Kubva alloys kugadzirwa matanda ayo, anoumba nokuti mukuru kumanikidzwa Kudzingwa hwemhangura, zingi uye aruminiyamu alloys. Sezvo molybdenum simbi kurapwa pasi kufurirwa - negondobwe, ikafa, mandrel kuboora zvigayo. Vanova molybdenum uyewo zvakati anovandudza.