Pasi rova nesimbi

Rare Earth - a duku boka masero, ine dzinokwana vamiririri 17. Vose vakapa zvinhu silvery-chena ruvara.

pasi isingawanzowanikwi zvinhu uye nhoroondo yawanika

Ichi boka zvinhu kwave chete achangobva akazarurwa. Mimwe zvakatanga yakawanikwa 1794. Nepo Finnish kemisiti Johan Gadolin akadzidza mhangura ivhu pedyo nenzvimbo inonzi Ytterby. Pano akaona risingazivikanwi "mvura pasi", iyo zvino yakanga mazita nzvimbo - yttrium. Kwapera nguva, zvakare ivhu akaongorora Martin Klaport, izvo dzinounzwa mamwe ane fuma, ainzi pashure nyika Ceres cerium.

Uye 1907 atova 14 vakadai zvinhu yakawanikwa.

Zita chairo chete "Earth zvisingawanzoitiki" wakatangwa mukupera rechi18. Pano, basa reDare chokuti zvose pezvokuvamba mapoka vanoumba refractory oxides kuti vari kushanda insoluble mumvura. Uyezve, masayendisiti ari nguva akaguma vaidavira kuti simbi idzi mashoma ari pasi goko.

pasi Rare simbi: vamiririri veboka

Sezvambotaurwa, boka iri inoumbwa 17 zvine maatomu akafanana. Idzi dzinosanganisira:

• Lanthanum.
• Cerium (ainzi kuremekedza Ceres, imwe nyika).
• Neodymium.
• Pradeozim.
• Samarium.
• Promethium.
• Gadolinium.
• Europe.
• Terbium.
• Holmium.
• Dysprosium.
• Erbium.
• Ytterbium.
• Lutetium.
• Thulium.

Sezvineiwo, chokunze Erekitironi kwevari kwemaatomu anenge zvakafanana. Izvi anotsanangura makemikari uye mumuviri zvivako zviri simbi.

The isingawanzowanikwi pasi nesimbi dzavo mushonga zvivako

Vamiririri boka iri pfupi yakakwirira reactivity, riri kunyanya yakakwirira kana neshungu. Somuenzaniso, pane imwe tembiricha yakakwirira dzimwe simbi vanokwanisa kuita nemumwe hydrogenous.

Uyezve, muchidziisa zvinhu izvi sei pamwe okisijeni, pova yakatsiga, mvura-insoluble oxides. Sezvineiwo, kana kutsva nesimbi iri mumhepo okisijeni iri kuchengetwa Kushanduka zvikuru kupisa. Zvakakunakirai kuti boka iri kunoratidzwa pyrophoricity - pfuma kwemvura mumhepo.

pasi Rare nesimbi vangadawo kuumba hydroxides zviri havaratidzi soluble mumvura uye vamwe amphoteric ehupfumi.

Chinenge nhengo dzose dzeboka kunoratidzwa kubva oxidation mamiriro +3. Active zvinhu dzinosiyana. It anonzi kupfuura basa lanthanum.

Extraction panyika isingawanzowanikwi simbi

Kazhinji, kashoma Earth kuitika pamwe chete. Rimwe dombo yokuenzanisira rine nhengo vanoverengeka dzeboka. To musi, kune vanopfuura 250 zvicherwa, zvinova chikamu isingawanzowanikwi pasi zvinhu. Mikuru zvicherwa zvinosanganisira monazite, Parisi Księte, orthite.

The inonyanya fuma panyika kuti goko anonzi cerium. Asi thulium uye lutetium zvakasikwa rine mudukusa uwandu.

Muna 2008, nyika yakanga mined zvuru 124 matani pasi isingawanzowanikwi simbi. Vatungamiriri mukurima ichi runoonekwa kunyika dzakadai India, China uye Brazil.

Chimwe nzvimbo yakakura deposits panyika chisingawanzowaniki nesimbi dzakafukunurwa 2011. nzvimbo idzi dziri pamusoro pasi Pacific Ocean, pedyo Hawaii, French Polynesia uye Tahiti.

The isingawanzowanikwi pasi nesimbi uye kushandiswa kwawo

zvinhu izvi zvinoshandiswa sectors zvakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, zviri zvikuru kushandiswa girazi indasitiri. Chokutanga, havana kuwedzera translucency regirazi. Chechipiri, simbi idzi dzinoshandiswa chaiwo chinangwa girazi Kugadzirwa - girazi rokutora ultraviolet mwaranzi kana michini transmissive mushonga. Achibatsirwa pasi chisingawanzowaniki zvinhu kubereka kupisa nemishonga rinoonekera.

In kunoitwa zvinhu izvi vave catalysts. Vanewo kushandiswa kwemakemikari indasitiri kuti pagadzirwe yepamusoro pendi, varnishes uye pigments.