The makambani pakukura munyika (2014). Most nemakambani makuru mafuta munyika

The mafuta indasitiri Nde nemauto ari pose mafuta uye simba indasitiri. It kwete chete kunokanganisa international mamiriro ezveupfumi, asiwo chikonzero zvinowanzovapo kurwisana kwemauto. Nyaya iyi inopa kureva kuti makambani kupfuura munyika, iyo iri mutungamiri oiri.

nzira dzekuziva nadzo chepamusoro

In richiswedera akasimudza chepamusoro nenyanzvi mafuta vanofungidzira makambani pakukura munyika yakadaro inokosha zvinodiwa:

• zvemaBhaibheri dzokubudisa ose mbishi zvinhu;
• iripo reserves;
• kugadzira chinzvimbo;
• chokupika zvemari makambani mafuta;
• Sales Mavhoriyamu mafuta uye rakanatswa zvigadzirwa.

Zvakakosha kuziva kuti migumisiro yose anozivikanwa ratings zvingasiyana pachavo. Izvi imhaka kushandisa dzakasiyana nzira panguva kuongorora. Somuenzaniso, Energy Intelligence Rating iri rakanyorwa pachishandiswa quantitative zviratidzi okuwana (kugadzirwa vanokwanisa, reserves, kubudiswa mavhoriyamu uye rokutengesa) uye maitiro zvemari yadarikwa. Tichatarisa mazita akanakisisa makambani mafuta, uyo vokutanga vakaita Forbes.

Rating zvaRafa mafuta, maererano Forbes

Forbes akaisa ake list, inomiririra makuru mafuta makambani munyika muna 2014. The Pamazita zvinosanganisira 25 makambani kuti pave kupfuura kuwanda mafuta munyika. Ngationei kugara pasi simba kupfuura hofori ose Rating ichi.

Saudi Aramco

Saudi Arabia anonzi mutungamiriri nyika mumafuta indasitiri. Saudi Aramco Corporation ndiro rakakura National simba dzesangano. It ane samambure kubudiswa zvivako, Rinotarisira chokufambisa mafuta. Saudi Aramco ndicho chikamu chikuru uye Newest rengarava supertankers, zvisingagone kunowirirana kunyange makambani kupfuura munyika.

Maererano rating, dzesangano muna 2014 dzokubvisa mafuta ari mari kupfuura - vanopfuura mamiriyoni 12 emiti rimwe zuva. A yakawanda mafuta munyika unobereka pamapani ari Eastern Province. The kambani anewo buri miganhu mvura yeGungwa Dzvuku uye Persian Gulf.

Mazuva ano, chikuru kuhofisi kambani anotonga 99% of reserves ndarama chendarama Saudi Arabia, inova ¼ ari mafuta reserves pose.

"Gazprom Neft" Company

Ichi zvebhizimisi ndiyo kambani ine mafuta simba muRussia. The kambani iri mubasa ubanguranyika nzvimbo pakugadzira zvinhu, kugadzirwa kumusika yemafuta uye gasi, uye peturu kugadzirwa. Kambani ane mapazi ose mafuta uye gasi kumatunhu munyika. Huru kugadzira zvinomera dziri muna Yaroslavl, Omsk uye Moscow kumatunhu. Uyezve, "mafuta Gazprom" riri kukunda pakutevedzera zvaMambo oiri muVenezuela, Iraq uye dzimwe nyika. The makambani pakukura munyika kupa zvibvumirano kuti wokuRussia pamwe mumafuta indasitiri.

"Gazprom Neft" The boka ine 80 STRUCTURAL dzakabatana munharaunda Russia uye kunze. Nemhaka muenzaniso zvakanaka yamunogara rokutengesa, kambani akatengesa yakawanda mafuta pamusoro mumhuri pamusika uye kunze. At kurasa "Gazprom mafuta" kune vanopfuura 1,700 zvekupfakira dzemapurisa pamusoro munharaunda Russia, Kishi uye Europe.

Maererano Forbes inofungidzira, kambani "Gazprom Neft" kugara yechipiri chinzvimbo chepamusoro "kupfuura mafuta emisasa nyika muna 2014" aine bhuku mamiriyoni 9.7 emiti pazuva okuwana.

National Iranian Oil Company

Oil Kugadzirwa muna Iran akatanga muna 1908. Pashure pemakore 40, ari Iranian Mafuta Ministry akasimbisa National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC), uyo zvinangwa vaitsvaga mafuta uye kukwezvana vemamwe guta. Panguva iyoyo, nhema goridhe akatora basa rakakura riri zvoupfumi munyika, saka kugadzirwa goridhe dema akagamuchira mamiriro National patrimony uye vakatamira kudzora hurumende.

Zvino kambani iri mubasa iri dzokubudisa negasi uye mafuta, avo chokufambisa uye ekisipoti. The boka kunonyanya anopa kugadzirwa zvinomera painocheneserwa munyika, uye unoda kutengesa pachisara kunze maererano ine kota kuti "weOPEC".

NIOC anonzi mumwe kupfuura mafuta makambani munyika. Rine 1/10 pakati reserves mafuta munyika. The kambani ane mafuta uye gasi kubereka munharaunda Iran, Azerbaijan uye Gungwa North. Mitambo NIOC iri rakakura nokupesana iri mubasa ubanguranyika, kuchera, kugadzira, achinatsa neyokufambisa pfuma. The nemamiriro kambani ine 21 chikamu boka, vaviri vari guru.

Ari kureva "Mapoka pakukura munyika 2014» NIOC yetatu nechiidzo okuwana mamiriyoni 6.4 emiti pazuva mafuta. Iran ndeimwe yenyika vatungamiri petroleum, asi nokuda nokuiswa dzakawanda zvirango zvayakatemera kambani yake rakamanikidzwa kuderedza uwandu goridhe dema.

ExxonMobil

ExxonMobil kambani akatanga kwayakaita pahwaro chivimbo Standard Oil, yakavambwa American billionaire John D. Rockefeller muna 1882. Anozivikanwa mazuva ano sangano hwakagadzwa kuguma XX remakore somugumisiro kwemapazi maviri Exxon uye Mobil mavanga, pasi iyo zvino kugadzirwa motokari anonhuwirira uye lubricants.

The American Petroleum Corporation ari mubasa kukura itsva minda mafuta, ayo kugadzirwa, zvifambiso uye okutengesa. Uyewo ExxonMobil unobereka mafuta: olefins, polyethylene, polypropylene uye siyana. The kambani iri kuitika mu dzakawanda mamiriro ezveupfumi uye pamwe munyika 47.

The kambani mafuta ExxonMobil ndiro rakakura dzakawanda simba dzesangano. Iye anonzi mutungamiriri ari chepamusoro vabudirire uye anodhura mabhizimisi, izvo zvinosanganisira makambani kupfuura munyika. The musika Kukosha ExxonMobil anopfuura mabhiriyoni 400 US emadhora. In mashoko akawanda mafuta (anenge mamiriyoni 5 emiti pazuva) Corporation inoremekedzwa nzvimbo chechina mune dzakawanda chepamusoro.

PetroChina

The kambani PetroChina iri kupfuura mafuta dzesangano China vake. Maererano kukosha anogoverana naye kukwikwidzana namapoka kupfuura munyika. PetroChina kuchengetedzeka akatengesa pamusoro New York uye Hong Kong Stock Exchange. Mushure mugove nyaya iri Shanghai pamusika kukosha kambani mafuta zvakapetwa katatu, richisvika dimikira capitalization dzinopfuura tiririyoni US madhora.

Kuwedzera mugodhi uye kubudiswa mafuta PetroChina ari mubasa tsvakurudzo zvekuvaka deposits, kuchenesa mishonga, mapaipi, kugadzirwa kumusika. Maererano Forbes, kambani iri kugara wechishanu chinzvimbo chepamusoro munyika makambani mafuta pamwe indekisi okuwana mamiriyoni 4.4 emiti pazuva.

Zvaifungidzirwa oiri

World Hofori mafuta vari kuronga kuderedza dema goridhe mugodhi kuvhiyiwa nokuda nokukurumidza kuwa muna mitengo mafuta muzhizha ra2014. Nemhaka iyi ezvinhu ari pamusika chekambani profitability yekudyidzana ungaderedza. Nepo ExxonMobil, Saudi Aramco, PetroChina nemamwe mafuta makambani makuru munyika kuti zvakawanda mubereko, vamwe vavo vakasarudza kurega kuwedzera basa uye kuvhara kuvaduku zvinobatsira munzvimbo. Maererano The Wall Street Journal kwakabatana pamwechete nokusingaperi-kwemitengo gasi uye mafuta kugadzirwa. Somuenzaniso, ExxonMobil profitability nokuti gore ra2014 rakanga 26%, izvo 9% pegumi apfuura.

Kuchinja pamisika mafuta akaita tsaona mu muGulf of Mexico, semubairo iyo ikateuka chinyorwa nhamba chendarama dema. The kambani British British Petroleum, iyo muridzi kugadzirwa akamanikidzwa kutengesa zvakawanda zvayo zvinhu.

rutapudzo ichi remapazi iri kuchengetwa kwete makambani makuru mafuta. mitengo mafuta ichichinja kwakaitwa zvepasi pose indasitiri.

Pasinei ichi kuitika, makambani pakukura munyika kutarisira kuchinja zvakanaka mumafuta indasitiri uye zviwanikwa zviri kukura mune ramangwana.