Utsotsi uye kurangwa maererano nemitemo Hammurabi, mienzaniso nyaya: tafura. Utsotsi uye kurangwa gadziriro Hammurabi

A yakasiyana mutongi Hammurabi weBhabhironi aiva munyori mitemo. Zvinenge kwemhosva dzose uye kurangwa maererano nemitemo Hammurabi tafura, nevhu, dzakapendwa zvizere. Pashure pezvose, mune evhu yakadaro dzakabudiswa nyaya mirayiro. Muzana XVIII remakore BC. e. shongwe nhoroondo - mitemo naMambo Hammurabi. Utsotsi uye kurangwa, sezvinorondedzerwa code, akanyudzwa mukati 282 nyaya. Kana ushe Hammurabi akatendeuka makore 35 okuberekwa, akange arayirwa kucheka mitemo guru shongwe dema basalt. This post kuwana munguva kupikidura reShushani muna 1901. Musumo kuti muviri vakatsanangura kuti mitemo yaMwari, enunciated nokuda mambo, uye vanofanira kutevera.

basa mitemo

Mune mashoko amambo, mitemo vaidiwa akasimba usamanikidza simba, chirikadzi uye nherera uye dzimwe vaidzvinyirirwa vanogamuchira kururamisira.

Achibudisa akaita mirayiridzo, mambo yabatanidza simba rake. The maitiro kwemhosva uye kurangwa nokuda mitemo Hammurabi akabvumira kuisa yakawanda ndima uye nevavakidzani vayo kuti kusika yunifomu zvinodiwa kuti nyika dzibatane mitemo. Uyezve, panguva iyoyo vepamusoro kwenzanga rinoisa dambudziko kuburikidza nomutemo zvinoreva kuti vadzvinyirire ropafadzo uye pfuma vanhu pamberi pevamwe. Zvinobatsira chaizvo nemitemo Hammurabi. Utsotsi uye Kurangwa, nyaya iyo achiripo, kupa uchapupu ukuru kukura ari Sumerian budiriro. Ukuwo, mutemo waida, uye kuti chechetere kusawirirana munzanga. mutemo Criminal achirondedzera chero mhosva uye kurangwa pasi nemitemo Hammurabi, mune pfupi, inobva musimboti zvichava Chirango chiito kuti anotyora asimbiswa chinyakare murayiro.

pfuma

kuedza waidzora kodzero muridzi kwaitwa mumitemo Hammurabi. Sezvazvaiva vakabvuma nyika, zvivako, chinjwa pfuma uye varanda.

Earth aigona varidzi vehurumende (mambo), munharaunda, machechi, private vanhu.

pachake chepfuma wagadzirirwa. Chinokosha wenhaka, kudzivirira dzakapiwa vainyatsotarisirwa, vaionekwa varanda.

contractual kodzero

Various kwemitoro pasi rakatenderera kunokonzerwa kubva zvibvumirano. zvibvumirano maitiro rave kugadziriswa zviri muupenyu uye kodzero. Kunyange zvazvo rakanyorwa zvibvumirano uye haana madikanwa, haagoni akagumisa pasina zvapupu. Sezvazvakanyorwa munyika kwakanga kwakakurumbira, vanhu vakadzidza akasaina zvibvumirano muchimiro pakunyora pamusoro Hwendefa. Vamwe zvibvumirano zvinoda mhiko vemapato uye pamberi vapristi.

Nokuvhunika Of Contract kurangwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, pakati chakanga uranda.

Nokuti kuritenga uye kutengeswa zvaanoitawo zvakanyorwa chibvumirano. Paaituma zvinhu muridzi itsva yacho kufananidzira akabata seinä. Nokutengesa zvinogona chinjwa pfuma, dzimba uye varanda.

Uyewo aiita basa zvibvumirano. Uchibatsirwa kwavo, isu vakaripira zvinhu, mabasa uye vanhu. Kwakapararira aiva risi nyika. Panyaya iyi, rendi achapiwa mhosva kukohwa, dzimwe nguva kusvika hafu yake.

Kunyange zvazvo Bhabhironi rakanga zvinowanzoshandiswa muranda wechibharo, akanga kakawanda chibvumirano basa. zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvinoratidza kuti mubayiro okuvaka vashandi, vafudzi uye navavezi. Nokuti vanachiremba vaiona zvinonyadza kwete kupa yokurapa kubatsira murombo, kunyange kana ane chokuripa.

Mutemo waidzivirira yakarurama kuita mabasa mushandi. Somuenzaniso, kana chivako yakavakwa kuva Bricklayer, boned, aifanira kuita kudzorerwa nhoroondo yake.

With kukura usapinde kwema vakatanga kubuda mabhanga, dzakanga akapedzisa chikwereti zvibvumirano. The chikamu chikwereti chacho kwakanga kukuru, zvinosvika 100% of basa uwandu. The sauka chikwereti sechirango aigona kurasikirwa rusununguko. Zvisinei, sezvo kazhinji kutambura kubva ichi vanhuwo zvavo uye navapfuri vesimbi, Hammurabi kwakadzora mitemo hwokubvisa hwose chikwereti uranda, uye kuisa nguva 3 years kuti zvakakwana chikwereti. Uyezve, mutemo vakasuma wandei urongwa kudzivirira chikwereti kubva peutongi hweudzvanyiriri chikwereti.

mutemo mhuri

Mutemo Family kwakavakirwa yemadzitateguru tsika richikunda muBhabhironi. Vasikana vakaroorwa vachiri vaduku, kwangopera richisvika makore 12. MuBhabhironi, musikana ainzi akaenzana murume mumba webato, kusiyana pedyo States. Kuwedzera wekuwana, zvaida mhedziso wokuroorana chibvumirano.

Murayiro inonyatsotsanangurwa chii chiri kuitika pamwe pfuma kuwanana siyana ezvinhu mumhuri. It aibvumirwa kuroora akasununguka vomunyika varanda. Vana vanoberekwa mumuchato kwakadaro, vaiona akasununguka.

Akatonga nomudzimai mumwe mhuri. Zvisinei, mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, murume aigona kuva mudzimai wechipiri. Kunyange zvazvo wepamutemo Mupfungwa, mumwe mukadzi akaenzana munhu mumhuri akanga ari mwoyo chinzvimbo.

The murume akakwanisa kutomurova, uye kunyange yokumutengesa muuranda. Mitemo Hammurabi yaidzorwa kurangwa pamusana pokutengesa mudzimai.

Uyewo, chipfambi kwaiwanzonzwika muBhabhironi. Aigona kunge musha uye temberi. Vamwe Mapato kwevakadzi vasina varume mubasa pfambi matsvene pazvavovo. Mari mabasa aya akanzi temberi.

Kunyange zvazvo pfambi vasiri ruzivo munzanga rusarura, asi mitemo panguva iyoyowo rokurinda tsika munzanga.

mutemo yokugara

In kuchava kutanga kwekupwanyiwa kugadzira mitemo, uyewo mune dzimwe nyika pamwe inonyoreswa muusungwa, ivo zvinowanzonzi vatsivi Sons, mumwe akanga pakutanga. Daughters nhaka pfuma chete apo vanakomana havana. Gare gare, vana Vanhurume nevanhukadzi siyana vane kuenzana kwekodzero nhaka. Kana vana vanofa vabereki vavo pamberi, kana akaramba nhaka, kodzero iyi inofanira hwakatamisirwa vazukuru. Vana vari vava mhuri yakanga yakafanana nhaka kodzero vana vavo.

Zvichienderana nokuti pfuma haafaniri kusiya rudzi miganhu, mutemo unopa kodzero nhaka akaroora vana. About vanasikana akaroora mutemo yakanyarara.

Chirikadzi pashure murume afa akadzorera roora uye zvipo chinoitwa murume. Aigona kurarama mumba wemufi naye. Kana mai kufa mhuri, kuti roora kwakapiwa kwete kuwana murume nevana zvakaenzana nemigove. Zvose zvakanga muranda rufu rwake kuwana chero hondo.

Zvichava haana inopiwa. Zvisinei, zvimwe zviri izvozvo kare aona. Somuenzaniso, unogona Unoisa zvimwe venhaka, uye zvaiita kuti kushayisa mhosva yevanakomana chinhu nhaka rose kana kuti chimwe chikamu chazvo.

The maitiro kwemhosva uye kurangwa nokuda mitemo Hammurabi zvikuru tetepa.

mhosva

Pakunzi tsotsi chiito mumutemo Hammurabi harisi Zvisinei, maererano chaizvo zviri nyaya zvinogona kunzwisiswa, kuti mhosva kwainzi ezvinhu apo mitemo kutyora mirayiro. Legal tsika pavagere Bhabhironi haana kukwana hwokuchengetedza hwaro Misimboti mutemo mhosva; zvakasiyana-siyana mhosva, tsanangudzo rakabatanidzwawo, pfungwa kuedza pa mhosva, mitigating uye sembura ezvinhu. Zvisinei, zvimwe zvinhu zviri mitemo rinopindirana ramangwana kare kurondwa. Saka, musiyano pakati achida uye masanga mhosva, rinorondedzerwa pfungwa rakabatanidzwawo, kuvanza mhosva uye incitement pariri. Somuenzaniso, kurohwa, ayo anechekuita akuvara munguva pakurwa, izvo zvakakonzera rufu kwake, havasi zvinoda chirango chaikonzera kubudikidza norufu sezvo zvakafanira pasi mutemo netsika kana sezvo kwaidiwa vendetta. MuBhabhironi, nokuti mhosva ichi akakuvadza kurangwa pamuripo wakanaka, uwandu zvakatemwa nokuda chinzvimbo rechipfuwo. Kana ronda riri kurwa rakaiswa nokusaziva, mutadzi akasunungurwa kubva basa. Zvinonzi chaizvo, akapisa vapenyu, varangwe zvaibiwa kwakaenderera panguva moto. Kupondwa nemukadzi wake kuti airangwa ndechokuti mukadzi arovererwe.

Types kwemhosva uye kurangwa kwemitemo Hammurabi vari kupiwa pazasi.

Mhosva pamusoro munhu

chikamu ichi mhosva zvinosanganisira umhondi (achida kana masanga). Mienzaniso mhosva dzakadaro Anouraya mumwe mudzimai mumwe oparesheni zvokurapa, zvichitungamirira rufu, kwakaunzwa kukuvara mumuviri, kutukana kana nokutuka chiito, defamation.

pfuma mhosva

Cherechedzai rwakabhadharwa kuna kudzivirirwa pfuma kwetemberi uye yamambo pfuma, chirango kuedza kuba kuti pasina chero zvinhu, tine rufu. Uye kukosha chepfuma iri aba, hazvina basa. noutsinye saka vanhu kutenga zvinhu zvakabiwa akarangwa.

Zvishoma zvakasiyana akagadzira nyaya kuba mombe, izvo zvinoita zvinopesana chirango mhosva pamusoro apa. Kuba nzombe, gwai, nguruve kana mbongoro kurohwa chokwadi chokuti chakabiwa zvinhu shure makumi matatu chitsama. Mutongo sokuti zvakare nyoro, kana kwete kufunga kuti akadaro mukuru wakanaka kwakangofanana norufu, saka sei kuwana mari kubhadhara yakaisvonaka, zvisingaiti. Somugumisiro, mutadzi akanga achisungirwa kuti abhadhare musoro wake.

Vamwe mhosva chokuita pfuma, maererano nemitemo Hammurabi, rinobvumira kushandiswa vigilante kururamisira. Mitemo iyi iripo pasi pokudzora mutemo netsika maringe lynching sendarama akanaka chirango. Nyakubata, uyo akakwanisa kubata padenga pachiitiko mukamuri paakange hwapinda kuburikidza pakakoromoka wakavaita vanatenzi akatongerwa pakarepo kuurayiwa uye landfills pamusoro-panzvimbo kubatwa.

Pakati pfuma Mhosva vaiva kuba, achibvisa rusarura muranda pamwe muranda, kukuvara zvomumwe, kuparadza zvipfuwo, zvirimwa.

Mhosva pamusoro yetsika

Rakajairika mhosva vari muchikwata ichi vaiva mhosva kuti kutyora tsika mhuri: makunakuna, upombwe mukadzi, yokufeva mudzimai maitiro chibharo. Kunosanganisirawo kudarika chokuita kuba kana kuzvitsinhanisa vana, kutiza mudzimai nomurume wake, kuba nomukadzi vakaroorana.

Mhosva pamusoro kururamisira

misdemeanors ava uchapupu hwenhema mudare. mhosva Izvi Chirango nokuda nheyo zvakaenzana kutsiva. The murairo yacho. chirango vatongi vakachinja nezvakatongwa chero nyaya nokuda kumanikidzwa kana kuti mari. It akagovera kubviswa vatongi kubva muhofisi. Mukuwedzera, mutongi aifanira kubhadhara ka12 mari kutaura uwandu.

Mhosva chakaita nyanzvi

muchikwata ichi zvinosanganisira tsotsi zviito vanachiremba, vashandi kuvaka, vanhu vari varimi avafudzi.

Pakati mhosva, uye mhosva pamusoro pehurumende sangana. Chirango murume uyo akapa yokupotera akutadzira uye kwete donesshy vakadzidza nezvourongwa hwokuuraya. Rufu rupokano Chirango nemasoja chipatapata kutaura. Havana kunyange kodzero zvekuti candidacy ake kutsiva mumwe munhu.

chitarafu

Zvirango vaiva nechisimba chaizvo. Kutongerwa rufu vanopfuura makumi marudzi mhosva. Umhondi kana umhondi nokuda kuregeredza kunobatanidza rufu kupomerwa. Kuwedzera worufu yaishandiswa koporo kurangwa, cheka, pfuma muripo mune vakawanda hukuru, chirango pachishandiswa wokutsiva wakaenzana (talion musimboti), Zvirango.

Mitemo Hammurabi vake vakapiwa nhamba ropafadzo, zvichienderana munzanga kana pabonde vavashungurudza. Mhosva Similar aipiwa chirango vakasiyana mirango nokuti muranda uye akasununguka murume. Kunyange zvazvo mitemo Hammurabi akaranga nokuda kwemhosva nomumwe, mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu yakaramba yakawiriranwa basa - munhu kakasaririra pakati dzokumaruwa ukama. Saka, kana mbavha kugona kumupikisa, munharaunda akamanikidzwa dzosera chakabiwa munzvimbo yaaigara, pfuma.

Zvirango :

• rufu muchimiro pomoto, akarovererwa, achinyudza;
• cheka ari muchimiro kucheka rurimi, minwe, maoko uye rurimi;
• makatodzinga ugari;
• fines zvavakatemerwa kuti kukuvara pfuma, nokuti kutukana uuraye uye matochi.

The Code raHammurabi rinowanzoshandiswa talion musimboti (wokutsiva vakaenzana). Somuenzaniso, kana akakuvadza mhosva pamberi mwanakomana womunhu, chirango uchava mwanakomana chaikonzera. Mumaonero mamiriro dudziro kodzero dzakadaro sokuti musoro, asi kare, vana vaiona sezvo baba muridzi, uye muripo kubvumirana kwakadaro sokuti zviri pamutemo.

litigation

Mudare chechikamu vaiona mhosva uye kurangwa maererano nemitemo Hammurabi. Dare uye muitiro kwakaitika adversarial nzira. Nyaya yakatanga iri aggrieved bato. In Bhabhironi rave aumbwa mutemo Maitiro, kuti zvinoda kuti vatongi kwete chete kunzwa zvapupu, asiwo kuongorora mamiriro ezvinhu munyaya.

Waini vanonzi akaratidza kana akakuvadza akareurura kuti mhosva, akava zvinyorwa uye zvapupu kuratidza mhosva, paiva zvisaririra uchapupu uye mabasa nomutemo.

Table nyaya Hammurabi

Zvinobva mudzidziso penzvimbo, apo mumwe nomumwe anopiwa mhosva uye kurangwa nokuda mitemo Hammurabi nyaya zvinogona kuverengwa pazasi.

Chose kwemhosva dzose uye kurangwa nokuda mitemo Hammurabi, mienzaniso nyaya yaisagona akapora. To dzakararama kwete zvokudya zvose mutemo.