Ndiani oprichnik? Rei anoita tsarist evatsigiri?

rokuti "oprichnina" Anenge munhu wose ari ajaira. Kazhinji chokuita neshoko kwakakwidibira nguva yokurwisana Ivana Groznogo, zvizvarwa machinda feudal uye boyars. Ndiani oprichnik? Uyu munhu wakange ari panhengo oprichnina mauto kana varindi, vakasikwa mambo Ivan IV mune gadziriro kuchinja zvematongerwo enyika muna 1565.

History of oprichnina

Ndaneta rudo simba uye nehanya pamusoro boyars kwomuchinda vakakwirira, uyo akava co-mutongi achifungidzira pachake mambo, February 3 1565 gore Ivan Grozny chirevo kusuma kuchinja. Rakanzi oprichnina. Chinangwa chacho chaiva kutorera vavengi mambo zvinoreva zvose uye kushanda. Kubva zvino, yose nyika yakakamurwa muzvikamu zviviri zvinoti: oprichnina uye ruwa kanzuru (ndima haana kuiswawo pakati oprichnina). Boka rokutanga rinosanganisira kuchamhembe-okumabvazuva nyika, apo vashoma boyars-patrimonial chakabatikana. Oprichnina kwakatora makore manomwe, asi ndangariro wake yakachena achiri.

Direct vechikamu nadzurudzo

Ndiani oprichnik? Chokutanga, zviri kushumira mambo, akanga ari panhengo weuto oprichnina. Vaikwanisa kuva mumiririri zvavo zvakasiyana. Tsarist evatsigiri apika Ivanu Groznomu yokuvimbika. Zvisinei, iye zvasiya mhuri yake uye akapa vimbiso kwete kutaura Zemstvo.

Oprichnik Features zvaisanganisira kuchiitwa - ferrous nguvo Similar kuti fata. Mukuwedzera, vakanga raikosha zviratidzo - chifananidzo mutsvairo uye musoro wembwa. It waimirira chakasimba uye otsvaira vygryzt ndamukirwa. Saka, munhu aigona kuona kuti oprichnik. Zvadaro, shoko pacharo ndiro vanhu vakava okutuka.

Musimboti wacho Varindi mabasa

Of nyika vakabatana wamambo nhaka anoratidza zvose zvizvarwa machinda feudal, Ivanu Groznomu zvaiita vakanyumwa. Vose vanofanira kutamiswa nyika itsva uye zvikuru kumucheto ehurumende. Maererano mambo, pane vatengesi kugona kumiririra chero ngozi choushe. On vaimbova Holdings nyika misha vanhu akagadzirisa varidzi diki uye vanokudzwa.

Oprichnik zuva kwaisanganisira chakaparadzwa uye makatodzinga rekare vakakwirira. Ivan Grozny akaiti "wofunga vamwe." Munguva yose nguva kutambudzwa kunaka mambo oprichnina akasanganiswa zvinenge hafu ehurumende. The yasara hafu yaiva imwe nzvimbo uye inonzi "zemshchina". Akatonga ipapo Boyar Duma.

Chokwadi, mabasa ose aya akasangana kushingaira nokushorwa. Most vanhu simba dzaisafarira Russian wokuti centralization uye kubviswa tsaru takasununguka. Naizvozvo, hombe inorwara nyaya anosarudza vavengi pakati Varindi kuchinja artificially kutura mabhureki kana rurege kushanda. vanhu ava vaiva vatsigiri dzimwe nyika, kunyanya kwePoland. vatengesi zhinji kupfuura mashoko vavengi, uye mambo akanga mashoko pamusoro ichi.

mabasa varindi

Leakage inokosha mashoko hurumende akapa mubati pakarepo ngozi. Naizvozvo Oprichnik zvaisanganisira kudzivirira Ivan IV. Creation wokutanga chaizvoizvo zvaireva yokuRussia kuchengeteka mabasa. All apika mhiko vaisungirwa vashumire imbwa kuti vadzivirire mambo wavo uye simba. Ndiani evatsigiri kunogona kufungidzira, wakati familiarized pamwe mabasa inozivikanwa unhu: Malyuta Skuratov, Aleksey Basmanova wamambo, Prince Afanasiya Vyazemskogo.

The protagonists

Malyuta Skuratov - the remadunhu-, aripo zita rainzi Gregory Varindi Lukyanovich Skuratov-Belsky. Nemhaka kunyatsotevedza mirayiridzo vamambo panguva shanduko munyika nokukurumidza kuva pakati zvikuru pedyo Ivana Groznogo. Vanhu chakazozivikanwa se huru akaipa nguva. Izvi zvakaitika kunyanya nokuda nezvezviitiko January 1570. Novgorod akanga vaifungidzirwa hurumende maererano Malyuta uyu akaedza kutungamirira bongozozo muguta, panguva iyo vagari yakaponda zviuru. Ndiani Ndicho evatsigiri kunogonawo kumirirwa, akanzwa yakakurumbira shoko: "Musazvidya mambo chaityisa saka ake Malyuta". It Skuratov akava chinoshingaira muiti zvose paruzhinji zvenyika.

Huru inspirer oprichnina raiva Aleksey Basmanov. Akava aitungamirira ndeuke mariri, tinongoita vachitevera zvose mirairo amambo. Basmanov yakazoona yanyura mumadhaka deposition pamusoro Metropolitan Firipi, akamudzinga kubva Cathedral ane mutsvairo.

chipangamazano Direct kuna mambo uye mumwe mukuru Varindi akanga Prince Athanasius Vyazemsky. Iye muridzi chivimbo chakazara Ivana Groznogo. Pasinei neizvi, panguva pakuguma Novgorod pogrom Vyazemskij sezvo Basmanov, iye akapomerwa nesangano kuchinjwa zvarongwa Novgorod uye muPskov Lithuania.

Saka, oprichnik vari approximations Ivana Groznogo, nhengo youmambo zvinhu muna 1565 uye zvakananga executor kwehurumende mirayiridzo kudzingwa uye neutralize vatengesi kuna mambo. nhengo iyi "vakasarudzwa zviuru", "Ishe vanhu". Oprichniki vaiva vanhu vanobva kwakasiyana munzanga strata. Uye kuunza pachavo mhiko yokuvimbika kuna mambo uye hurumende achiratidza Order, nokusika dzidzo yakabatana.