Madzimambo Russia: Chronology. Madzimambo ose Russian kuitira

Madzimambo Great Russia iri Arifa naOmega, uye kubudirira kwevanhu vayo. Sezvo Mwari - muridzi wezvose, uye ivo vaiva vatenzi nyika yavo. Uye vakatonga zvakanga zvakawanda. Mumiririri wenyaya iyi yokutanga chaizvo Petro Wokutanga. Uye zvimwe kwete pasina nhoroondo Russian Empire rinotanga unhu ichi chikuru.

The ramangwana mambo mukuru

Peter akaberekwa muMoscow muna 1672, wechipfumbamwe June. Raiva mwana namana Alexei Mikhailovich uye mudzimai wake wechipiri Natali Kirillovny Naryshkinoy. Pakafa Mambo Peter nhaka nyika yakanga chaizvo underdeveloped tichienzanisa tsika munyika yakabudirira yokuEurope. Kunyange zvazvo Renaissance uye Yokuchinja yakatsvairwa Europe, Russia vakaramba westernization uye akaramba vasave mazuvaano.

Petr Veliky - mambo wokutanga Russia, rwakazokura yaizivikanwa zvinhu zvakawanda uye kuedza kuti hurumende yake simba guru. Akasika munhu simba nezvikepe, kurongwazve hondo ne Western nemitemo. Kana akatanga itsva administrative uye miganhu weboka nyika, iye akatanga dzakatevedzana kuchinja dzakachinja mabhora ose oupenyu Russian.

Achinje uye zvinonyatsorehwa kukura

Cherechedzai ndiye mambo wekutanga Russia akatuma kukura nesayenzi. Akaripirawo nyanzvi dzakawanda dzekunze kudzidzisa vanhu vavo ose rwokugadzira zvinhu. Pfungwa pamusoro pokumuka wezvokutengeserana uye maindasitiri, iye modernized arufabheti wokuRussia, akasuma karenda yaJulius, uye pepanhau yokutanga Russian hwakasikwa kurishandisa.

Peter A. aiva newomuprofita nomubati Wenyika, uyo chikwereti ane zvekare chehurumende uye akasimbisa Dare Seneti. Raiva soro nhengo wehurumende simba, iyo yaidzorwa zvose matavi chourongwa uyewo mhinduro uye nzira itsva kubudirira mune dzimwe wokuti Russia.

New miganhu zvinhu

Paitonga Petra Velikogo State awana nzvimbo dzakawanda, dzakadai Estonia, Latvia uye Finland. Pashure hondo pamwe Turkey iye, kuwana kweGungwa Dema. Uye chimwe namazana manomwe namakumi regumi namaviri Poroshenko akatamira guru kune rimwe guta idzva iri Neva River - St. Petersburg, inosimbiswa uye izvo nokukurumidza akava "hwindo kuna Europe".

Maererano nemitemo uye Misiyano Peter Russia rava simba guru European. Uye muna 1721, iye akazivisa umambo, ukuwo, kuti Peter Alekseevich akapiwa wenyaya All-Russian Emperor, the Great Yababa baba.

Peter akanga akaroora kaviri uye vakanga vana gumi, vazhinji vacho vakafa mucheche. Mwanakomana mukuru kubva kumuchato wake wokutanga, Alex, akanga nemhosva hurumende uye akaurayiwa pakavanda muna 1718. Akafa Peter A. Eighth muna February 1725 pasina nominating mudyi wenhaka.

Another Peter A.

Sezvinotarisirwa, Russian mamiriro anotonga kwete chete madzimambo Russia, muronga panotaura pamberi empresses mana. Mumwe wavo aiva Catherine kutanga. Iye akagara pachigaro choushe pashure Petra Velikogo. Zvino vakauya kuna simba, muzukuru Peter Mukuru. Akaberekwa musi wegumi October 1715. mai vake vakafa mazuva gumi pashure pokuberekwa kwake. Makore matatu gare gare baba vake vakatevera mai vangu.

Muna 1727, Menshikov akadana Catherine tanga kusaina kuda vachifarira Peter. Uye kana Empress akafa, Peter II akaramba pamazita madzimambo Russian.

Nokutonga chaiyo Supreme Council

Menshikov akaisa mukomana mumba make uye akatanga kudzora zviito zvake. Little Peter mupenyu, akangwara, anoziva uye akasindimara mwana uye akanga zvikuru kufanana ake makuru-sekuru. Pasinei fanano ichi, zviri, mukusiyana kuna Peter Mukuru, haana kuda kudzidza.

Kuva muduku Peter II vaisagona atonge umambo, uye akapotsa havana kutora chikamu mune mabasa kuchimbudzi Council. Izvi akakurumidza zvakazoita kuti kutyora mamiriro ezvinhu, sezvo vakuru vakuru vaityira unmotivated zviito Peter uye haana kuda kutora basa chero zvisarudzo zvinokosha.

Ramakumi matatu zuva November chimwe namazana manomwe namakumi maviri namapfumbamwe, Peter II akanga avimbiswa kuroorwa eighteen runako Ekaterina Alekseevna Dolgorukova. Asi gore rakatevera, wechitanhatu waJanuary, Akabata dzihwa munguva uto ongororo uye chibhokisi. Vakafa nemipfumbamwe January 1730.

Pakafa Peter II pachigaro choushe akagara pamusoro mukadzi - Anna Ivanovna. A Zvakazoitwa madzimambo Russia - muronga inoratidza makore gumi vake ushe - kutarisira nzvimbo yavo munhoroondo ehurumende.

Emperor-mucheche kana kurwira simba

Ivan wechitanhatu akaberekwa muSt Petersburg muna August 1740 pamusoro nemiviri. Aiva mwanakomana Prince Antona Braunshveyga-Wolfenbüttel uye Anna Leopoldovna. Mazuva gumi asati afa, Empress rakazivisa-mwedzi miviri Ivan somutsivi wake. Uye Ernst Johann Biron kwaiva kushanda regent nokuda mukomana kusvikira iye anosvika makore gumi.

Asi mai Ivan muna 1740 Akawisira Biron uye akataura akazvifukidza regent. Kwapera gore, akanga pachigaro Elizabeth, vachitsigirwa ne grenadiers uye nemapurisa Preobrazhensky chemazana chehondo. Mwanasikana Petra Velikogo, Anna nemhuri yose uye mucheche pamambo akasungwa mujeri munhare pedyo Riga. Ipapo mambo Ivan The wechitanhatu akachinjirwa Kholmogory. Pane imba isina chinhu nabhishopi yakashandurwa kuva mujeri. Ikoko mukomana aigara inotevera gumi nemaviri, vasingaoni munhu, kunze murindi wejeri ake.

The asinganzwisisiki rufu musungwa, kana mumwe Emperor

The yakaoma mugumo waiva nhengo dzakawanda dzemhuri youmambo, vakanga vachifunga kuti atore nzvimbo yake pachigaro choushe. Uye zvichida raiva rimwe zvikonzero kuti vamwe vatongi Russian (nguva anoratidza mazita avo) kuti nokuzvidira kusiya simba vachida munhu kubva kuhama dzavo.

Asi chii akatevera chakaitika vakura Ivan Wechitanhatu? Nerunyerekupe Paaiva musungwa Kholmogory anotambanudzira, uye umambo Elizaveta Petrovna anoshandura kuva Schlisselburg nhare, kwaakanga akaiswa ndoga. Nezvezvisikwa musungwa akanga achichengetwa pakavanda. Kunyange varindi havana kuziva ani kudzivirira. Ivan vakaramba makaitika ezvinhu. chiedza The chete raiva kenduru naye.

Varindi yakataura kuti ungwaru vakomana vaiva ukavhunika, Ivan varasikirwa zvaanoyeuka uye asina humbowo iye ndiani. Nokundandama zvakanga simba kuti kunzwisisa zvinoreva musungwa, kunodokuva kusingabviri Zvisinei, Ivan yeChitanhatu yeuka zita rake chairo.

The pachigaro mambo waiva ngozi German vamoyo, vakabvuta chigaro choumambo, uye iye akarayira kuti vakuchengete nayo vanyatsohuongorora, uye panyaya yokuedza kuti asunungure musungwa - kumuuraya. Uye nokukurumidza pashure paizvozvo pausiku wechina musi 5 July 1764 ari Smolensk Infantry chemazana chehondo refutenendi Vasily Mirovich akatungamirira masoja evapanduki akaedza kununura Ivan uye musungwa akanga avauraya pakarepo. Saka pamazita Madzimambo Russian akawedzera rimwe zita. Vasingafari Ivan wechitanhatu akanga asina kukwanisa kutora nzvimbo yaro yakakodzera.

Muzukuru madzimambo maviri Russia uye wokuSweden

Vose madzimambo Russia, ari kuti yokugara kana mumuzinda nokumukirana anotora chigaro, zvimwe akaratidza munhoroondo yamabhuku. Uye hatigoni kutaura pano Peter III, uyo akatonga Russia kwemwedzi mitanhatu chete. Akaberekwa ari maviri wokutanga February chimwe namazana manomwe namakumi gore maviri namasere kuchamhembe kweGermany. Yaiva chete mwanakomana Anna Petrovna uye Karla Fridriha. Muzukuru madzimambo maviri - Petra Velikogo uye Charles nemiviri.

Mukomana vaifarira unyanzvi, aida vaipemberera zvechiuto uye akarota kuti kamwe chinova nyika yakakurumbira wemhare. Ndava nemakore gumi nemana, akaendeswa Russia kubudikidza wababamunini vake, kutonga Elizabeth. Twenty-kutanga August 1745, Peter akaroora muchindakadzi pakati Anhalt-Tserbskoy, vakatora zita Catherine. Political muchato, rakarongwa tete yaPetro, aiva njodzi kubva pakutanga.

The Emperor, uyo aivenga yokuRussia nehurumende uye vanhu vayo

Catherine aiva mukadzi ine ungwaru, uye Petro akaramba mwana chitunha murume mukuru. Ivo akaberekwa mumwe mwanakomana - Paul, ramangwana pamambo, uye mwanasikana Anna, uyo akafa pauduku. Vose madzimambo Russia, kuitira rwugare choushe uye kuzvidzora neHurumende, kunyanya akaedza kuunza nyika kufadza vabatsirwe. Asi Petro III aiva kunze. Akavenga Russia. Handina hanya nevanhu Russian, uye aisagona kushivirira Chechi yeOrthodox.

Pashure Peter III akatora nzvimbo yake pachigaro choushe, Akabvisa vatorwa wokuti tete vake, akauya Russia kubva Hondo Yemakore Seven ', uye ichi danho vomunguva vaiona ari kutengesa Russian vakaurayiwa muhondo. Asi panguva imwe chete, nyanzvi vanofarira munhoroondo Madzimambo Russian, anoratidza kuti zvichida chisarudzo Peter III aiva chikamu pragmatic toronga kwechirwere wokuRussia ehurumende kumavirira.

Reform kana rubatsiro kuti mamiriro

Zvisinei, Peter III paitonga yakarongwa nhevedzano yomunyika zvinhu, izvo nhasi sokuti democratic chaizvo. Akadanidzira rusununguko rwokunamata, chabvisa mapurisa epachivande wairambidza kuuraya serfs nevaridzi vadzo. Uye zvakare akasika yokutanga ehurumende-muridzi bhengi racho.

The Board madzimambo akawanda Russia ndokuguma nezvorufu. Uyewo zvakaitika Peter III. Pane zvakawanda yokufungidzira nezvorufu rwake, asi chaizvoizvo akanga waitirwa rangano wake Catherine, uyo aida kuchiparadza, kutora chigaro. Twenty namasere June 1762, Peter akasungwa uye nokukurumidza kuurayiwa.

Pauro noudzvinyiriri utongi

Mamwe mazita madzimambo Russian zvisingaiti kutaura nokuonga kukuru uye kudada. Somuenzaniso, Paul I, uyo akatonga nyika kwemakore mashanu utsinye, asati aurayiwa. Akaberekerwa muSt Petersburg muna 1754. Vabereki vake - remangwana Emperor Peter III uye Catherine II. Amai havana kufunga kuti sezvo mutongi yemberi uye akatuma kurarama mu munda Gatchina. Uye panzvimbo ramangwana pamambo Ekaterina ari kugadzirira mwanakomana wake Alexander.

Asi pashure pokufa Empress Paul, vakabvuta chigaro choumambo, uye nechirevo chake chokutanga chaiva kumisa udangwe pachigaro, uye kwete kusarudza nomunhu mambo pachake. Tichifunga kuti Russia inoda mhedziso umambo, akatanga kucheka simba uye ropafadzo kwamachinda. To nevatambi rechiFrench Revolution haana kupararira munyika, iye kurambidzwa mabhuku vavatorwa kufamba kunze hurumende.

Pane zvakawanda kuchinja dzomunyika uye zvokunze mutemo Paul, pamwe nemafungiro ayo uye hunodzvinyirira nehasha kurwiswa, akagarisa kuparadzira runyerekupe pamusoro wake mupfungwa unbalance. Uye maviri wechitatu March 1801, Paul rechitatu akaurayiwa. Uye pachigaro choumambo nomwanakomana wake Alexander.

Mboni Catherine mbuya

Alexander akaberekwa muSt Petersburg muna December 1777 pamusoro nemiviri. Akarerwa kubudikidza Catherine Mukuru, uyo asina kuda mwanakomana wake, Pauro haana kufunga kuti iye anogona kutonga nyika. ramangwana mambo The paakaona muzukurukomana wake. Ainyatsoziva mu European mutsika, nhoroondo uye zvematongerwo enyika, uye akarerwa mweya freethinking wedare Empress.

Asi ruvengo pakati Pauro Catherine akamuita kutamba mabasa maviri akasiyana. Kana mbuya vake, iye inoomerera zviga kodzero dzevanhu uye dzokunamata takasununguka kunakidzwa dhanzi uye uzivi. Kurutivi baba vake aiva kuomesa muchiuto chirango uye kurovedza kusingaperi. Nokukurumidza, Alexander rava dzinongoitika norwaivhi, akava kuvanza uye nyore achinja mafungiro maererano nemamiriro ezvinhu.

Muna 1801, vava nemakore makore makumi maviri namatatu, Alexander ainge korona. mambo Beautiful uye inofadza kwave nevakawanda zvikuru. Maererano ake norupo zvinangwa chechikoro, akatanga akatevedzana evanhu zvinhu. It rakarambidzwa kurwadziswa, uye mutemo mutsva akabvumira vanhuwo zvavo kuti anunure pachavo kubva serfdom. Uchiteverwa yaiona, mari uye dzidzo chinja.

Kuchakunda namambo mukuru

Paitonga madzimambo Russian vaiva hondo dzakawanda dzakasiyana uye hondo. Asi mumwe anokosha, kunyange kunzi Patriotic War, paiva nehondo Napoleon. For Alexander raiva basa raMwari, chinhu zvinopfuura chete hondo pakati penyika mbiri. Yakanga hondo pakati pezvakanaka nezvakaipa. Zvino Alexander pashure kuhwina akatasva panotangira mauto ake muParis, akava mumwe simba kupfuura madzimambo. Raiva kukunda kwake.

Mumakore achangopfuura, ushe Kesari akava chaizvo kupenga Mwari uye chiKristu. Zvino wakati nemipfumbamwe akafira November 1825, kwaiva kufamba zvakawanda makuhwa kuti mambo abdicated uye chinyararire akava mumongi. Ndezvipi Russian Madzimambo vaitova uye chii pfungwa vakashanyira pfungwa dzavo kwazvo, havana kunyange kuziva nyaya.

Childhood uye ushe Nicholas

Nicholas Ndaiva mwana Paul I uye Maria Feodorovna repfumbamwe. Akazvarwa zuva maviri namashanu June, mumwe muna 1796. Somwana, akanga asina unhu uye misikanzwa. Vakadzidza Pakutanga kubva wokuScotland nanny, uye ipapo - General Gustav Lambsdorff. Vasina munoremekedza uye kuongorora pfungwa, Nicholas haana kufanana kudzidza. Muchinda muduku vakava vakagarwa chete kana zvidzidzo yakaguma uye aibvumirwa kupfeka yunifomu uye kubatanidzwa mitambo zvechiuto.

Nicholas haana akakurira mambo yemberi, uye pakutanga kwake, akanga atarisana chiitiko nehana iye. Kupanduka ichi Decembrists. Vatungamiri shanu vakaurayiwa uye vanenge zana nemakumi maviri kuSiberia. Achiziva kudiwa kuchinja, mambo zvisinei vakatya kuti kuchinja ndichapepeta nheyo hwacho, yaakange kutamira nevazukuru. Paiva nezvimwe zvipingamupinyi kuti zvinhu - unouya hama Kesari raMwari, uyo ane pfungwa vane zvakawanda pamusoro pemafungiro nezviito zvake.

Nicholas masirogani vaiva Orthodoxy, Autocracy uye norudzi. Kutonga kwake kwakaratidza ichatonga zvine mbiri Mhedziso umambo kuRussia. Akafa ari namasere February chimwe namazana masere nemakumi mashanu pagore rechishanu nemabayo. Uye pakupedzisira, mambo wokupedzisira weRussia. Chronology manotsi rokutonga. Yaiva Alexander II uye Alexander III uye Nicholas II. Nyaya inoguma vatongi Russian.

mwanakomana Nicholas Board

Alexander II, mwanakomana mukuru Nicholas, namanomwe muna April 1818 akaberekwa. Iye akapiwa dzidzo yakanaka. Aiziva mitauro yakawanda, akadzidza unyanzvi hondo, mari uye nezvibvumirano. Kubvira vachiri vaduku akafamba.

Abereka mambo, Alexander akapa mutemo pamusoro nokubudiswa vanhuwo zvavo. The Nhare akamuka hwawedzera mutsigo upenyu. Uye sezvo vakava vagari vakasununguka, zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti vashandure maitiro yose omunzvimbo utungamiriri. Paitonga Alexander nyaya ino yave kudzorwa, zvose makirasi magariro vakava vakayenzana pamberi pomutemo. Kusenza kuoma nekurerusirwa, uye vanhu vakatanga kuita zvakawanda rusununguko rwokutaura.

Pasinei dzakawanda nokuchinja kunatsiridza upenyu vanhu Russian, Alexander II yakava atambudzwe kuipandukira. Imwe nhengo nemagandanga boka akauraya mambo muna 1881.

The muenzaniso kuRussia bere

Alexander III akaberekwa ari maviri muzvitanhatu February 1845 chete. Strong, anotyisa, nezano Patriot, aiva musimboti wenyika kunozivikanwa Russian nebere. Akasvika simba panguva yakaoma nguva yokuti umambo. Imwe hafu wavose vasingagutsikane kunonoka kumhanya zvinhu, wechipiri aitya kuchinja. Upfumi vachiri kunaya kubva hondo Turkey. kutyisa Yakapararira chakakonzerwa nokuda kuipandukira, kwakaita kuti paumbwe boka monarchists pakaunda-echimurenga.

The Emperor haana kufanana vatorwa, uye vakatevera mumwe mutemo Russification. Izvi zvakaita kuti panomuka wokuRussia urudzi uye pogroms vechiJudha. Iye akabata zvakasimba nheyo "Russia nokuda Russian" uye akasimbisa simba rokutarisira. Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Romanov akafa nephritis muna 1894. Uye akasvika simba wokupedzisira Russian Emperor Nicholas II.

The unosuruvarisa dzemhuri youmambo

Interesting chokwadi! Pakati pavatatu akasiyana STRUCTURAL idzodzo ine youmambo madunhurirwa. Russian Emperor chiziviso ine yayo siyana, imwe iyo - zvizere. Hezvinoi wenyaya Russian Emperor Nicholas II raiva gumi zana mashoko.

Nicholas II akaberekwa muna 1868. Muna 1894, Nicholas akava mambo. Pasinei dzidzo yake yakadzama, akanzwa kuti haasi kugadzirira basa kuti yave amusunga pamusoro pake. Uye vazhinji vezera rake yakati kuti akatarira yakavhiringidzika.

Munenge muupenyu hwake ushe akatevera mutemo baba vake. Akanga mukukutu uye zvishoma nezvishoma vakaziva kudiwa kwokuchinja chokuita nezvakaitika 1901. Pasinei chokwadi kuti masimba ayo hakugumiri simbi, wokupedzisira Emperor kweRussia aiedza kuita sokunge ichiri autocrat. Nicholas aida kudzokera munguva uye kudzorera simba yemadzitateguru avo.

Pashure Bolshevik Revolution pakati 1917, nzvimbo dzemhuri youmambo yava chaizvo kunzwisisa, uye gare gare gore, mangwanani ose nemanomwe July, Nicholas II, mudzimai wake nevana vakaurayiwa. Saka kupera ekutonga madzimambo Russia, uye munhoroondo yacho yakatanga imwe pfungwa bhuku.