Uzivi Greece yekare uye ayo cho nguva yokutanga

Mabviro uzivi muGirisi yekare kuitika nguva pakati VIII uye VI emakore BC. Panguva iyoyo, Greece iri kusangana nguva Colonisation, kana apoitizatsii (apoitiya - mhiri kwemakungwa nharaunda rechiGiriki polis raishanda yakazvimirira guru). Huge nzvimbo, dzakadai Malaya Aziya uye Graecia Magna (Italy) vakapfuura pamusoro munharaunda yayo Greek mbereko uye chamuita nevazivi wokutanga, nekuti vomuAtene uzivi kuti, danho rechipiri hwakazotevera kukura dzechiGiriki. Panyika vaGiriki vekare zvikuru kuchinjwa nemamiriro upenyu mutemo uye chaiwo rwouranda. Ndicho kuvapo yokupedzisira muGirisi yekare wakapata chihombe basa weboka basa, uye akabvumira sezvo Shona akaona asi, mumwe stratum vanhu kubata chete nesayenzi uye tsika.

Naizvozvo, uzivi weGirisi yekare ane zvimwe specificity pachinhu yazvino muuzivi East yekare. Chokutanga, kubva panguva Achibvuma pfungwa yaPythagoras, zvinoratidzwa somunhu yoga kuranga, uye kubva Aristotle anoenda ruoko muruoko nesayenzi, rationalism anosiyana uye anoparadzanisa pacharo nechitendero. In yaitonga vaGiriki zvinova hwaro sayenzi zvakadai kare, mushonga uye masvomhu. Mukuru "musoro" uye musimboti wenyika yakanaka dzidzo muuzivi (uyewo tsika) iri "Callosa agathos Kai" - kubatana worunako kwomuviri utano pamwe mumudzimu zvakakwana.

Philosophy muGirisi yekare akamutsa huru misoro miviri - the ontology uye epistemology, somunhu mutemo, vaishora kuti pfungwa chikonzero uye basa (ekupedzisira anonzi chechipiri basa, "yakaderera" Kirasi, kusiyana yakachena kufungisisa). Muuzivi ndiko kumusha zvakadai methodological enyika sezvo dzisiri uye yokukakavadzniswa. Akadzidzawo vazhinji Mapato yekare okumabvazuva uzivi, kunyanya Ijipiti, uye kuvapinza mugango-European hurukuro kwouzivi. Early muuzivi Greece yekare huviri yenguva - the zvekare uye pre-yaSocrates.

Uzivi Greece yekare ari zvekare munguva inozivikanwa cosmocentrism mifopoeticheskih anoshanda umo paakaita vadetembi kunge akatsanangura chidzoke kwenyika uye zvayo kutyaira mauto ari rengano mifananidzo. Homer systematized Myths uye akarumbidza umhare zvetsika uye anonzi Hesiod mudzidziso nhoroondo Nezvekwakabva nyika kupinda mhirizhonga nemifananidzo, GAIA, Eros uye vamwe vamwari. Aiva mumwe yokutanga mabhuku chimiro pamberi ngano yacho "yendarama zera", kana kururamisira uye vaikoshesa basa, uye akatanga nokuchema zvaitika wepanguva "Iron Age," pokutonga chibhakera, nguva apo simba kunoita kuti tibvunze kurudyi. Setsika, zvinofungidzirwa kuti chihombe muchinangwa paumbwe pfungwa ouzivi nguva vairidza vanonzi "varume vakachenjera nomwe" uyo akasiya ouchenjeri kana "gnomes", chakatsaurirwa tsika dzakanaka dzakadai nomwero uye kuwirirana.

Mugore pre-yaSocrates nguva, uzivi weGirisi yekare kunoratidzwa pamberi anoverengeka youzivi zvikoro. chikoro Milesian rwokuzvarwa uzivi kuzivikanwa pragmatism, chido kutsvaka chete musimboti wekutanga zvinowanikwa nesayenzi, dzakadai muchadenga zviridzwa, mepu, zvairatidza nguva. Zvinenge zvose nhengo dzayo wakabva nomushambadzi mukirasi. Saka, Thales akadzidza rezuva kuora kwemwedzi uye vaiona zvinhu zvose mvura yokutanga, Anaximander ndiye musiki Earth mepu uye mhando dzose yokudenga bhora, uye vokutanga zvinhu anonzi "apeiron" - isina unhu primordial nyaya, iyo kupokanidzana vagarisane kuti chidzoke kwenyika, uye mudzidzi wake Anaximenes vaidavira kuti chikonzero chimwe zvose hazvina mhepo. The yakakurumbira mumiririri chikoro muEfeso Heraclitus riri zita remadunhurirwa vanochema. Akaisa mberi yokuti nyika haana kusika munhu, asi nokuda pezvawakaita ndiwo moto, zvino mumhino, ipapo wasvava, uye vakati kuti kana tikadzidza tichibatsirwa maonero, nheyo ruzivo yedu Logo.

Uzivi Greece yekare aimiririra Eleatic uye Italic chikoro, pahwaro dzimwe mhando shoma. Kusiyana Milesians, Eleatics - machinda pakuzvarwa. In Nemuromo, ivo vanosarudza muitiro wegadziriro, uye kusaverengeka - nechiyero.

Xenophanes pakati Colophon kubatanidzwa rengano mifananidzo vamwari, uye vakapa kugoverana zvinhu uye seasina. Parmenides pamusoro Elea yakatanga pfungwa dzake uye akati kuti tinoziva pachena manzwiro uye zvinhu - zvisingarambiki. Naizvozvo, munhu anonzwisisa munhu chinhu hakuwaniki, nekuti ose vaifunga tinofunga - zviri pfungwa yokuva. Akatsiviwa Zeno akatsanangura nzvimbo tenzi wake achibatsirwa yakakurumbira kutsanangura-kutsanangura.

chikoro Italic anozivikanwa zvakadai cryptic nevafungi sezvo Achibvuma pfungwa yaPythagoras, uyo akafunga kudzidza nhamba uye usingaonekwi kubatana kwavo nenyika uye akasiya dzidziso muchivande. No zvishoma kunakidza aiva muzivi Empedocles kweSisiri uye guta Agregenta. Mhaka kuvapo zvose, aitenda mana pusa okunze - mvura, moto, mhepo uye nenyika, uye vaviri vanoshingaira nenheyo - rudo uye ruvengo, uye chake ezvinhu kwouzivi kuedza nokubatanidza Parmenides uye Heraclitus. Papera dzenhoroondo uzivi hwechiGiriki dzinongoita yakavakirwa ayo zvakabudiswa chete pfungwa rokuItari nevafungi.