Vanadium (mushonga chaikosha): nhoroondo zita, sechivako atomu, iyo Valencia

Pakati 115 parizvino anozivikanwa zvine maatomu akafanana, vakawanda vakagamuchira zita rayo mukukudza magamba mungano yechiGiriki, vamwari. Vamwe akadana mazita vatsvakurudzi uye masayendisiti akakurumbira. Vamwe vakadanwa pamusoro nyika, maguta, nenzvimbo zvinhu. Zvikurukuru dzinonakidza ndiyo nhoroondo zita ane ichocho akadai vanadium. Hongu uye pacharo, simbi iyi zvikuru kukosha uye anonyanya maitiro. Naizvozvo, isu funga izvozvo zvizere.

Vanadium - makemikari chinhu periodic table

Kana isu munguva chinhu pamusoro ezvinhu periodic mugadziriro, zvinokwanisika kuziva wandei pfungwa dzinokosha.

1. Munzvimbo yakakura munguva yechina, boka wechishanu, huru subgroups.
2. Serial nhamba - 23.
3. The mabhomba guru pakati chinhu - 50,9415.
4. The mushonga chiratidzo - V.
5. zita Latin - vanadium.
6. Russian zita - vanadium. Chemical chaikosha ari kuverenga se "vanadium" mune zvokuimba.
7. Ko randinenge simbi Exhibits kwomuviri.

Nzvimbo okunze munyika zviri pachena kuti ari nyore fuma vanoshingaira maatomu akafanana vachava ehupfumi dzakafanana tantalum uye niobium.

Zvakakurukurwa sechivako atomu

Vanadium - makemikari maatomu akafanana, mabhomba mamiriro iyo kunoratidzwa mukuru payakavakirwa E ³ 3d ² 4S. Zviri pachena, kuti nokuda configuration yakadaro uye valency uye oxidation mamiriro anogona kuratidza dissimilar tsika.

mutoo uyu zvinobvumira kufanotaura ehupfumi kuti vanadium sechinhu nyore fuma - chaiwo simbi achiumba vakawanda zvakasiyana yeimwe, kusanganisira kunzwisisa.

Mamirire valency uye oxidation ehurumende

Nokuda kuvapo unpaired maerekitironi pamusoro 3d matatu anogona kuratidza sublayer vanadium oxidation mamiriro +3. Zvisinei, hakusi chete. In zvachose pane zvina zvinoita tsika:

• +2;
• 3;
• 4;
• 5.

Muchiitiko chino, vanadium - makemikari Kufananidzira, iro Valence kuti iro rinewo zviratidzo zviviri: IV uye V. Ndokusaka yeimwe pamamiriro atomu chete kuisa, uye vose vane rakanaka ruvara kupenda. Kunyanya avo vaizivikanwa mvura uye simbi munyu zvivako.

Vanadium: makemikari maatomu akafanana. History of zita

Kana isu kutaura nezvenhoroondo kuwanikwa simbi ichi, zvinokosha kuti kureva kutanga XVIII remakore. Panguva iyi, muna 1801, Mexican Del Rio akakwanisa kuwana ake asingazivikanwi okunze ari kutungamirira padombo, mumwe chiratidzazvizhinji raakanga Akaongorora. Pashure dzinotevedzana kuedza, of Rio akagamuchira vamwe mavara akaisvonaka simbi munyu. Iye akaupa zita "erythron", asi gare gare vaimuona chromium munyu, saka muchanza iri yokutanga kwete kugamuchira.

Gare gare, mumwe nyanzvi, Swede Sefstrom, akakwanisa kuwana simbi kuburikidza kusarudza kubva simbi mhangura. kemisiti ichi chokwadi kuti itsva uye vasingazivikanwi maatomu akafanana, haana. Saka piyona payo. Pamwe chete Jens Berzelius akapa zita kuwanikwa okunze - vanadium.

Sei izvi? In Odin mungano, pane imwe mwarikadzi uyo vane rudo, kutsungirira, kuvimbika uye kuzvipira. Iye mwarikadzi runako. Zita rake raiva Vanadis. Kamwe masayendisiti chaikosha ehupfumi pakati yeimwe vakanga vadzidza, zvakava zvikuru pachena kuti vane akanaka kwazvo, ruvara. A simbi chiwanikwa chirungiso zvinoshamisa kunonatsiridza unhu hwavo uye simba uye isimbe. Naizvozvo, vachikudza mwarikadzi Vanadis, uye akapiwa zita ane simbi kujairika uye inokosha.

Vanadium - makemikari chinhu muchimiro nyore fuma rwaiwanikwa kunyange paya. Chete muna 1869 ari kemisiti British H. Roscoe akaita vakakwanisa agopfigira simbi iri vakasununguka muchimiro paruware. Mumwe musayendisiti F. Weller rave vakaratidza kuti dzakaonekwa kamwe Del Rio "Chrome" ndiyo vanadium. Zvisinei, Mexican kusvikira nhasi harina akararama, uye ake zvakawanikwa havana kuziva. The Russian chaikosha rokuremekedza akasvika kuonga G. I. Gessu.

Simple vanadium remubatanidzwa

Somunhu nyore fuma iri mubvunzo uri simbi atomu. Ane nhamba muviri zvivako.

1. Color: sirivha-chena, kupenyerera.
2. Pfava, nesimba, rinorema, sezvo arambe achirema ndiyo 6.11 g / masendimita ^3.
3. Utsotso pfungwa - 1920 ⁰ C, iyo inoita kuti zvinosanganisira refractory simbi.
4. Mhepo hazvirevi oxidize.

Sezvaiitwa vakasununguka muchimiro zvakasikwa kusangana ake hazviiti, ipapo vanhu vanofanira kupfigira kubva siyana mamineral matombo.

Vanadium - simbi maatomu akafanana, iyo akava zvakakwana yakakwirira reactivity apo pakutsamwisana uye pasi zvimwe zvirwere. Kana isu nezvazvo mureza ezvinhu zvakatipoteredza, zviri anokwanisa kuita chete kuramba acids, aqua regia.

Vamwe nonmetals zvinowanisa binary yeimwe, Zvinoitwa kuitika pamatunhu tembiricha. Yakaumbwa alkali soluble, zvichiumba zvivako - vanadates. Okisijeni iri simba oxidizing mumiririri soluble muna vanadium, uye kunokonzera kumusoro ari kudziyisa kudziya musanganiswa.

Kuva zvakasikwa uye Isotopes

Kana isu kutaura pamusoro kupararira maatomu zvakasikwa, vanadium - makemikari Kufananidzira, iro rinoreva kuti kusava vasingasaruri. Ndiye nhengo zvinenge zvose guru matombo, ores uye zvicherwa. Asi hapana hachisi kupfuura 2%.

The kugutsikana mune goko yekudyidzana uye 1.9 * 10 ^-7. Nokuti chakarurama ichi, zviri mberi mhangura, zingi uye kutungamirira. Own dombo simbi haisi kuumba, pane minda akawanda kuti inokurukurwa ndiye vanadium. Ane simbi iri riri sekristaro yekamuri izvo vanadium maatomu vari achitaurwa nevanopinda yakawanda.

Hazvina dombo yakadai, yakadai se:

• vanadinite;
• cartridges;
• carnotite;
• Chile.

Unogona zvakare kusangana nesimbi iri murwiyo:

• chirimwa dota;
• gungwa mvura;
• Tel gungwa squirts, gungwa wemagaka;
• Utachiona, pano nemhuka.

Kana isu kutaura pamusoro isotopes pamusoro vanadium, kuti chete vaviri: vakawanda nhamba 51, iyo ruzhinji - 99,77%, uye vakawanda nhamba 50, iyo apararira radioactive uye unowanikwa chero mari.

vanadium yeimwe

Takatodzidza ambopupura kuti, sezvo makemikari chinhu ari simbi anoratidza basa zvakakwana kuti vaunze vakawanda zvakasiyana yeimwe. Saka, zvinotevera mhando zvinhu anozivikanwa ne vanadium.

1. Oxides.
2. Hydroxides.
3. Binary munyu (chlorides, fluorides, bromides, sulfides, iodides).
4. Hydroxy yeimwe (oxychlorides oxybromide, oksitriftoridy nevamwe).
5. Complex munyu.

Sezvo Valence ari chinhu dzinosiyana, ipapo yakawanda zvinhu inotengwa. The chikuru runoratidza vose - ndiyo ruvara. Vanadium - makemikari Kufananidzira kuongorora izvo kungatowedzera zvinoratidza kuti ruvara ingabva chena yellow kune tsvuku uye zvitema, kusanganisira noruvara rwegirini, orenji, dema uye pepuru. Hazvina pamwe ichi chaiva chikonzero chakapiwa zita atomu, nokuti zvechokwadi anotarisa zvakanakisa.

Zvisinei, vakawanda yeimwe vari vakawana chete pasi asi inoomesera kuita mamiriro. Uyezve, vazhinji vavo - chepfu, ngozi kuvanhu. Physical Hurumende zvinhu zvinogona zvakasiyana chaizvo. Somuenzaniso, chlorides, bromides uye fluorides - kazhinji rima blue, mutema, kana dema crystals. A oxides - dziri Nezvakakuyiwa.

Kugadzirira uye kushandisa simbi

Akagadzirira vanadium dzakaparadzana kubva pamatombo uye ores. Uye avo zvicherwa kuti ane kunyange 1% of simbi, vaiona kupfuma zvikuru muna vanadium. Pashure Kuparadzana dzokuenzanisira musanganiswa wesimbi vanadium zvinonzi Kutamiswa kupinda kuramba zvichachipedza. Kubva ichi oga nokuda acidification pamusoro yavaibvisa vanadate, kubva vakazochinja akapiwa zvikuru kuramba mharidzo, aine simbi zviri anosvika 90%.

Zvadaro, izvi precipitate akaomeswa calcined muchoto uye vanadium ipfupi kuti esimbi mamiriro. In chimiro ichi mashoko zvagadzirirwa kushandiswa.

Vanadium - makemikari Kufananidzira kuti zvakarurama zvinowanzoshandiswa indasitiri. zvemaziso kunyanya uye simbi kuti simbi alloys. Unogona Kutsanangura nzvimbo dzinoverengeka chikuru kushandiswa simbi.

1. Textile indasitiri.
2. Glassmaking.
3. ZvaAtemisi Ceramics uye rabha.
4. Kupenda uye varnish indasitiri.
5. Kugadzirira uye kwetunhu mishonga (sulphate production).
6. Kugadzirwa kwezvombo zvenyukireya reactors.
7. Aviation uye shipbuilding, zvokuimba mapurani.

Vanadium - inokosha zvikuru chinoumba alloying kuti pagadzirwe chiedza, simba, ngura nemishonga alloys, simbi kazhinji. Ndosaka anonzi "mugwagwa simbi."