Vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata Housing: pfungwa uye tsananguro

By sezvakarayirwa Empress Anny Ioannovny muSt Petersburg vakatora nzvimbo pakagadzwa vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata dzimba. Year 1732 yaiva nguva yokurovedza mairi wokutanga. The runoenzanirana chirevo wakabudiswa muna 1731, musi 29 Chikumi. Funga zvakare kuti kwokufungidzira vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata dzimba.

gore 1732

In kwokutanga nzendo pokugadzwa mudzidzisi unogamuchirwa pasina yokuedzwa. Kutanga kubva 1736, dzidziso vakatanga kukwezva zvakanakisisa vadzidzi. Vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata Corps yakavhurwa 1732, musi 17 February. On nhasi, kugadzwa akatora 56 vadzidzi. Muna June, vakava refu uye 352. All vakanga vakakamurwa kuva mapoka matatu. Muna 1734, June 8, wokutanga kusunungurwa. Wokutanga Land vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata Corps yaiva muimba kufarira Petra Velikogo Menshikov. Saizvozvowo chivakwa taifanira varindi, vadzidzisi, vatungamiri uye mupristi kurarama. Muna 1752 zvakanzi yakaumbwa Marine Corps vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata panguva Academy

sarudzo

Pokugadzwa vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata dzimba raidiwa kuti kudzidziswa hakusi mauto chete, asiwo vose zvavo dzidzo. Akadzidzisa somurwi uye sevhiriyeni vakuru. Ichi ndicho chokutanga Russian vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata pekugara yakanga yakasiyana chaizvo European. In kwokutanga matanho taiita transformations siyana uye zvakasiyana. A rakakura tsika vane I. I. Betskoy uye MI Kutuzov.

sainzi yechipiri

Pakati zvinhu zvakadzidziswa ari vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata redzimba vaiva:

• jogirafi;
• nhoroondo;
• atirari;
• masvomhu;
• fence;
• rusvingo;
• mabhiza pakufamba;
• Latin, German, French;
• zvinotaurwa nevezvematongerwe;
• girama;
• calligraphy;
• heraldry;
• kutamba;
• netsika uye nevamwe.

Uyewo, envisaged makirasi zuva nezuva "Ekzertsev musoja" - the vakawanda Kudzokororwa zvikuru unyanzvi. Zvisinei, gare gare zvakanzi akawanikwa kuchengetedza navo kamwe pavhiki, saka havaiti kuvhiringidza Absorção de Água nedzimwe anoranga. The muviri akagamuchira Vana vaikudzwa, vakadzidza kuverenga nokunyora, saka akadana vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata, kureva. E. The kwamachinda. Age vevaanodzidzisa aiva nemakore 13 kusvika 18.

sangano rinodzidza

Land vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata Corps yakakamurwa mapoka maviri. Mumwe nomumwe aiva 100 vadzidzi. Makamuri akararama vanhu 6-7. Mumwe wavo akagadzwa "ustavshchik mu kamradstve" (mukuru). Mukuwedzera, yakatarwa chamakarairwa muviri wose (refutenendi uye mukuru). Vakarambidzwa kuenda chivako. Pokugadzwa vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata pekugara pamwe nemamwe matambudziko. It aiita kudzidza ezvinhu yakataurwa Munnich. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kure wakakwana. Vadzidzisi kashoma akatsanangura kana kuti zvinhu. Kazhinji, ivo zvinoda nomusoro zvikamu. Izvi zvinoshandawo kushanda vakazvimiririra. The yedzidzo anga hakunakidzi uye monotonous, regai vafarire pakati vadzidzi. Zvisinei, kwave kuedza Siyanisai makirasi kubudikidza okusuma havachaoni zvinhu. Kuti accustom vadzidzi dzimwe mitauro kadheti, uyo mai Somuenzaniso, aiva German, akaiswa mumba pedyo Russian wamambo. Students rakakamurwa nemapoka anoranga zviri kudzidzwa. The yose nzira inosanganisira 4 makirasi: 1st aiva wedangwe, uye 4th - gotwe. Dzidzo muna 1-3 mumasero. Vava nemakore 5-6. Graduate, zvichienderana kirasi umo akadzidziswa uto chinzvimbo kana risiri chinzvimbo.

dzidzo yetsika

Huro vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata aifanira dzimba pamusoro post-Petrine nguva. Vadzidzisi vakawanda uye vakuru kurangarira kuti zvavakatemerwa pedyo mambo. Nokudaro, vakanga akatamisira uye vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata (anokudzwa) muviri. Ita vadzidzi vakanga sevanhu "pamisara yakaderera". Zvinodiwa kuti vakanga zvavanoda, chokwadi hapana kusiyana avo kuti zvakatangwa kuti varwi. Vadzidzi uyewo kurangirwa kutyora mitemo uye mirairo. ezvinhu akaramba kusvikira Land vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata kadheti Corps haina inotungamirwa I. I. Betskoy.

Brief Biography musoro itsva

I. I. Betskoy aiva mubvandiripo mwanakomana Trubetskoy - Prince, iyo ikawira panguva Northern War, nyika yeSweden akabatwa. Maererano netsika, iro aripo panguva iyoyo, baba mwana akapa chikamu mhuri dzavo. Panguva iyoyowo, mwanakomana yakakurumbira Prince akawana dzidzo yepamusoro uye mhanza guru. Betsky mabasa zvechiuto akatanga muDenmark. Zvisinei, gare gare akatamira kuRussia. In Moscow Betskoi akavamba wepo nherera kutanga. Kubvira akatanga basa rake somudzidzisi. Catherine II vachifarirwa kukuru zvinoshandawo pfungwa dzake kudzidzisa vanhu "rudzi rutsva". Panguva kugadzwa musoro vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata kwedzimba muna Betsky I atova kumbonyanya guru kudzidzisa ruzivo uye kuumba maonero. Kuwedzera nherera, akanga mukuru Commercial School uye wepaInstitute Noble rweVasikana. Catherine vakatsigira Kuita ake zvakasimba, muchitenda kuti vana voumambo anofanira zvakanaka pautsva, kuti muvagadzirire nehurumende uye muchiuto.

Chikuva mutsva basa

Betskoi akatungamirira vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata kadheti Corps muna 1765, musi 7 March. Nechekare muna 1766 zvikavavarira kusvika Charter. Maererano gwaro idzva yakapedza kambani. Charter wakatangwa 5 mazera. Mumwe nomumwe wavo wakange 5 matavi umo vana kudzidza uye vakuru, uye vanhuwo zvavo. The yokupedzisira yaifanira kudzidzisa vadzidzisi. On imwe akamira yakaenzana vakanga vakadzidziswa pamwe Cadets. Saka Betskoi vakaedza pamwero kuunza zvidzidzo zvakasiyana, kuitira kudzivisa kusanzwisisana pakati pavo ramangwana.

yokupara dhipatimendi

The vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata Corps akatanga kutora vakomana makore 5-6. Mumwe ushandiswe zera vaifanira prouchitsya 3 years, zvisinei, vakasunungurwa mumakore 20. Panguva iyoyo kwemakore anopfuura 15 mune pakagadzwa vabereki vairambidzwa zvinoda kudzoka mwana. Zvisinei, vaya vanoda kutumira vana vavo kuti dzidzo hombe nhamba. Chokwadi kuti vakuru iyoyo havana kuziva kana Academy of Sciences kana chiGiriki Latin Academy, kana zvimwe nzvimbo edzidzo. Vaiona navo kukodzera vana vavo. Asi Betskoi akatanga kupa kupfuura vakomana vane vabereki vave vakuvara kana kuurayiwa muhondo, uyewo varombo uye asingagoni kuva achizvibhadharira zvaanoda kupa mwana yekutenga dzidzo. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti nheyo mabiko vadzidzi uye vakaramba pashure. Wokutanga (minor) zera akanga pasi pokudzora matrons. Vakafamba vakomana, hanya utano hwavo, wajaira mitauro inoverengeka yokumwe, inoculated vana tsika dzakanaka. Dhipatimendi uyu kuendavo nomupristi uye mudhikoni. Kuwedzera kutungamirira basa chechi, vakaita makirasi pamusoro mutemo waMwari. Isu vari dhipatimendi somudzidzisi wokuRussia mutauro, kutamba uye mufanidzo. Juvenile vasungwa achiitei munechimwewo chivakwa.

Age chechipiri

Raisanganisira vana makore 9-12. Vana Vechikoro vaiva pasi pokudzora vaperekedzi munhurume. Havana kuita vana zvikuru. Mabasa avo anosanganisira kudzidzisa vana kuzvidzora basa pachavo, pfungwa "rudo tsika uye kuva netsika dzakanaka." From vadzidzisi uye Vaperekedzi zvinodiwa kupemberera mano vana vavo aptitudes uye mafungiro. The akataura akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze vaviri mumaawa chikoro uye pazororo nguva. Izvi zvakanga zvakakodzera haizopereri vakatsunga umo zvichiita kushandisa imwe kana mumwe mwana. Kuwedzera anoranga, chidzidzo icho chakatangwa muna vaduku, vana makore 9-12 kudzidziswa history, dzenguva jogirafi, geometry uye svomhu, mungano, mutauro Old kwechiSlavonic.

Children makore 12-15

Sangano dhipatimendi uyu anenge asina rakasiyana yaimbovapo. Maererano chirongwa Betsky, ivo Cadets pazera iri vanofanira kutungamirira kukwana kurayirirwa, kudzidza iyo akatanga ambotaurwa. Mukuwedzera, vaidzidziswa Latin, kunyatsogona yevagari neechiuto mapurani, kuti ndizvidavirire. Mugore rechitatu bazi yapera vakawanda dzidzo.

4 th uye 5 ndipo mazera

Mumahofisi aya, uye kudzidza upenyu vadzidzi zvakachinja. With makore 15 vana vakatarisa vakuru. Vaifanira nechokwadi chokuti vadzidzi usapedza nguva asingashandi. Vaifanira zvakasimba kukurira Cadets, asi nokutya haana mukanwa pavo. Command 4th uye 5th nezvikamu Colonel vazvitambudze. Vakuru - navabatsiri vake - vakarovedzwa vadzidzi nyaya zvechiuto. Pakati pavo paiva masvingo, kudzivirira uye kukombwa nhare, gunnery zvakatemwa. Chibooreso chaiitirwa non-basa vatariri. Kubvira 1775, sezvo rokumanikidzirwa vanotongwa kemisitiri uye wefizikisi vakanga hwakatangwa. Chidzidzo chavo vakanga vakapakata anokosha makamuri. Uyezve, kuteerera yakapiwa pamutemo uye vehurumende mapurani, kwakawedzera zivo German, Latin (kana Italian) uye French. Vadzidzi vakanga aidaro bhiza mabhiza, fence.

mitambo

The vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata Corps akakoka vadzidzisi kungodzokorora. Pakati pavo paiva vemifananidzo Russian (Plavilshchikov, somuenzaniso), uye vatorwa. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti kunoshamisa uri pakagadzwa vakanakidzwa kukurumbira kukuru. Zvakange kunyange akaumba Society of Vanoda Literature. It rakarongwa naAlexander Sumarokov, uyo akapedza kudzidza atirari Corps Engineering vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata muna 1740 Pashure pechinguvana it makuru munyori. Mumwe havaoni kuti nyanzvi Russian yemitambo Fyodor Volkov, aivawo mboni yacho uye aiva nhengo Society of Sumarokov.

bvunzo

Vakanga vakatakura zvose 4 months. Pakupera kwegore raiva kwokupedzisira bvunzo. Waiitwa pachena pamberi mambokadzi kana vashumiri, vehondo, zvechitendero, vehurumende anokudzwa vanhu. Zvadaro, chirevo rakachinjwa. Saka, takatanga kushandisa wepagore kuongororwa paruzhinji 2 chete - pakati March uye September. Rakanga wakapindwa mumwe vakuru, vamwe mapurofesa uye vadzidzisi. Nokuti chidzidzo chimwe nechimwe anoisa kufadza uye shoma nhamba pfungwa - kubva 1/8 kusvika 128. Somuenzaniso, nokuti "tsamba Russian" mudzidzi aigona kuwana kubva 1/8 2, pamwe girama - inobva 1 kusvika 96, svomhu - kubva 1 kusvika 32 uye zvichingodaro. Apfuudza zvidzidzo zvose hwakawanda dzakaumbwa. Mugumisiro vagara vandifungira yakanakisisa vadzidzi. Vakanga with Medals, zvose zvamarudzi ose mabhuku, richiswedera maturusi. All nokubudirira uye mibayiro anofanira kupinda muchimiro. Vakanga kufungwa iri yavaive pakupera kurovedza.

dzinonakidza zvinhu

"Rusvingo Kutaura" akasikwa ari vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata redzimba. Akanyora aphorisms siyana, pfungwa vekare. Ndapedza zvidzidzo Count Anhalt, achifamba nevadzidzi mupaki, akatsanangura zvinoreva zvakanyorwa, nharo pamwe Cadets, kuedza nechokwadi kuti ivo risingakanganwiki kwete chete, asiwo kunzwisisa zvinoreva mashoko. Kupfungwa hombe raibhurari mabhuku wokumwe uye mudzimba akanga inounganidzwa. The muviri aiva botanical bindu vayo. Rakanga akapindwa miti kwete chete kubva kuRussia asiwo dzimwe nyika. Of Kunyanya kukosha mune dzidzo vaiva kukurukura mukuru pavanakomana pachavo. Gona vadzidzi Betskoi uye zvadaro Anhalt kumba kwake kuti tii. Underage Cadets akashanya Catherine II.

payakaipira nokudzidziswa

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kwemakore 15 vadzidzi vaiva vanenge pasi girinihausi ezvinhu. Somugumisiro, mune chokwadi vari havambozivi chokwadi. Vechiduku akawana dzidzo yepamusoro uye kurovedzwa, nematambudziko kumbonyanya hasha zvinoitika feudal Russia. Vanowanzoororwa akarasika, asingazivi sei kushandisa zvose zvinhu vakadzidziswa kwemakore akawanda kudaro. Pasinei chokwadi kuti vakawanda vakasiya basa pakati vakapedza paiva vehondo zhinji, navatariri, vezvematongerwo, achidzokera matunhu yavo.

directorship Kutuzov

Panoperera zviitiko XVIII remakore miganhu Russia zvakanga kunoshamisa. Ichatonga zvine mbiri Napoleon zvasvika kubwinya muchiuto, chakavhenekera danidziro mu Europe. Vanhu vakawanda muRussia kunzwisisa kuti nguva ichauya apo Russia uye achadzivirira nemiganhu yayo inodiwa. Kuti aite izvi, nyika zvinodiwa kunge akadzidziswa uye vakadzidziswa vakuru vanokwanisa kutungamirira masoja. Pavaiita dzakakurumbira vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata pekugara anogadziriswa dambudziko iri chete aoma. Muna 1794 kwakatsiva yapiwa Count Anhalt (mutsivi Betsky) akauya kuna M. I. Kutuzov. basa rake, akatanga aine nokubatanidzwazve tsika. Panzvimbo 5 vemazera 4 uye 1 Grenadier musketeer makambani dzakanga dzatangwa. Mumwe nomumwe aiva yevadzidzi 96. Training Zvirongwa vave akadzima mune yokupara dhipatimendi. Kutuzov akafunga zvakanaka kufungisisa ruzivo uye kuti vashande muchiuto kunogona chaizvo simba, varume vane utano hwakanaka. Panyaya iyi, vadzimwa panguva famba, vanoshingaira panze mitambo ari mudiki vakomana 'dhipatimendi chero ekunze mazuva ose.

kurangwa

Kuunza vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata muviri pakutanga kudzidzisa vanhu pamusoro fronts maviri - zvechiuto uye sevhiriyeni. Zvisinei, pashure zvinhu zvachinja. Panguva directorship pamusoro Kutuzov yokudzidza vemauto sayenzi awana vaakasarudza inoshanda. Makirasi mahofisi vakura zvaiendeswa 2 months mumusasa. Zvadaro, vava uto zvetsika uye mamwe masangano edzidzo. Zhizha mumusasa vadzidzi akamuka pa 6 am drumming. Chete chiratidzo chinoshandiswa kuzivisa mavambo uye kuguma zvidzidzo, zvemasikati, kwamangwanani, kwemanheru. In kwomusasa, taishanda kunze mazano akasiyana-siyana, aiitisa zvidzidzo pamusoro vaipfura pamusoro atirari zvombo nepfuti. Vana Vechikoro vakadzidza kuita topographic Mapping kwenzvimbo, kushanda pamwe mepu, kuziva zviratidzo zvakasiyana kuti reconstructed yebhora. In ake haringakupembedzi nguva, Cadets vaiita kurovedza muviri, kushambira, sunbathing. In muenzaniso kufanorongwa achievers. Kutuzov akaona zvirevo zvavo. Vaya vanoita kusvibisa anoranga, vanotongwa vaifanira kukurira panguva mazororo. Kutuzov akashandisa kwete chete nzira rokunyengetedza, asiwo kumanikidza.

The idzva sangano yedzidzo muitiro

Panguva Chinyorwa Kutuzov akasimbisa Kirasi-chidzidzo hurongwa. Mapoka vakatanga kubatanidza vadzidzi pamusoro chete nenhanho ruzivo uye zera. To mugwaro inotevera chakaitwa pachishandiswa migumisiro vakabudirira akapfuura bvunzo dzenyaya zvakananga. The nesangano zhizha nechando mazororo vakanga hwakatangwa. Kwemakore akawanda, boka yakatanga mumhuri ushamwari. pfungwa iyi pakudyidzana akaratidza ari mberi basa. In agadza Cadets mushure kusunungurwa akarayirwa kutungamirirwa kusasarura.

mhedziso

Pamusangano wedu wokutanga pamwe vadzidzi kuti Kutuzov akati aizoita kuvabata sevarwi, kwete vana. Mutsara uyu zvakaita achivakanganisa. Zvisinei, pashure pokusunungurwa, achiti akaonekana navo kwavari, akati kuti pasinei havana kufanana nacho pakutanga pakutaura, iye anoda nomwoyo wose kuti mhanza uye kwazvo achakudzwa rudo rwake kwavari rukudzo kwavo, kukudzwa uye kuzvipira kuna Yababa. Kutuzov akakwanisa kugadzirisa zvakawanda zvinetso dzidzo nokudzidziswa ramangwana vakuru. Aishandira Implementation kiyi mabasa kwaiva kugadzirira nemazvo, nomazvo vatungamiriri emauto uye vaifamba, vaigona kudzivisa muchiuto yave vaunganidza ruzivo uye simba wehondo Napoleon raMwari. Gare gare Kutuzov vadzidzi vakaratidza muhondo muhondo 1812