Veruzhinji uye hurumende: pfupi pamusoro ukama

Tisati tataura pamusoro ukama pakati pehurumende uye veruzhinji, zvinokosha kutsanangura chii veruzhinji. Sei rakasiyana mimwe mhando kwenzanga? Mune veruzhinji pasina chinhu kunze akapa kodzero uye rusununguko vanhu. Hurumende iri kwacho basa rinokosha, sezvazvakaita - the rubatso pamusoro zvakanaka vagari vayo. Modern nevanhu kusarudzwa hurumende haangakundi pamusoro pavanhu. Hazvina kuvhiringidza vanhu kurarama kuzvidzora muoti.

Zvakafanana uye misiyano

Pari, veruzhinji uye mamiriro, iri pfupi, haagoni mushandirapamwe kuvapo pasina pluralism siyana. Rusununguko rwokutaura kunokosha chokufunga ukama ichi. Panguva iyoyowo, pakati veruzhinji uye hurumende ine zvakawanda kusiyana.

Chinhu chinokosha chakanangana mudziyo une simba kuzviisa pasi - kuzviisa pasi nomurau vakuru mumwe maererano Nomenclature masitepisi. A vakasununguka nzanga anobva nheyo wakasununguka Kufambisa. Vanhu mukati ino vari vakaenzana akamira. kushandira-pamwe kwavo vakatanga kuburikidza chete zvido uye kuda.

The vakawanda hunhu

Hurumende hahugoni kuvapo pasina vanhu, kubva inomira kunze. Vanhu vanogara pamwe chete, vanoda enyika vamwe sangano uye simba changamire. Zvakafanira kuti kudzivirira nevakawanda zvido. Zviri pamusoro musimboti ichi, ukama pakati mitumbi zvakadai veruzhinji uye hurumende. Muchidimbu pamusoro "munharaunda" dzavo akakurukurirana mumwe vazivi vekare. Somuenzaniso, mashoko nevafungi kweGirisi yekare vakavaka akasiyana dzidziso nezvokuva simba rezvematongerwo enyika.

Chokutanga mamiriro chavagari, kuti ndiye vanhu. Rinogonawo kunzi rudzi. Zvisinei, pakati mazwi maviri aya vane zvimwe kusiyana. The vanhu - iri guru evanhu boka ane nhengo kugoverana zvakafanana tsika unhu uye nhoroondo kuziva. Vanhu rumwe, somunhu mutemo, vanopikisa kune vamiririri mamwe madzinza. Nhasi munyika dzakawanda vanogara marudzi anoverengeka. Kusiyana zvavo zvose vari zvakafanana anoparadzirwa simba rezvematongerwo enyika. The ukama veruzhinji uye mamiriro, iri pfupi, vanofanira kudzivirira yokurwisana pakati pemarudzi, kugara "mumba".

The kwaita veruzhinji

Kwemazana emakore akawanda, kukura zvakafanana, veruzhinji uye hurumende. Rondedzera muchidimbu shanduka ichi sezvinotevera.

Panguva kwokutanga nguva, kumbopeta prerequisites kuti kwaita veruzhinji. Chokutanga, muchimiro yokungotaura pfungwa. Shoko rokuti "veruzhinji" akazviratidza XVIII remakore. Uyezve, vatsvakurudzi akabva ashandisa mashoko ichi ari siyanei pane nhasi, pfungwa. Somuenzaniso, muna 1767 wokuScotland muzivi Adam Ferguson akadana veruzhinji Nde chinokosha European budiriro.

Muenzaniso uyu unoratidza chinokosha chakanangana vagere nyika yekare hana yaitonga. In kare, kuMiddle Ages uye kusvikira XIX remakore, vanhu vaidavira kuti hakuna kusiyana kuti vaizova pakati veruzhinji uye hurumende. Muchidimbu tsanangura pfungwa iyi inogona akafunga kuti vanhu haina kuzivikanwa somunhu yakazvimirira. It achiri asina kuumbwa gutsaruzhinji masangano, kuzvidzora zviridzwa. nguva dzose vanhu vari kutarisa simba nevasina vapiwa naMwari chaivo uye chinotivhiringidza kodzero madzimambo. Enda pamusoro musimboti ichi uye zvinoedza zvaionekwa mhosva kana ukasadaro, chinhu benzi.

nesayenzi maonero

Nhasi pfungwa veruzhinji azviratidza anoonga basa Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Charles Montesquieu nevamwe vanofunga. Muzana XVIII remakore waitanga Danho rokutanga kuberekwa democracies ano. Kureva pakurwisa Mhedziso monarchies zvakasimbisa kunzwisisa kuchinja European muvanhu.

Zvishoma nezvishoma Humanities kugona kuzoumba musimboti kuti anosangana veruzhinji uye pamutemo nehurumende (zvishoma kutsanangura sei kuva "munzanga chibvumirano"). Power uye vanhu vanoda zvivako, kuti "mitemo mutambo" nedare ukama hwavo. Veruzhinji anouya panguva apo zvematongerwo enyika anobvuma munhu kodzero, kunosimbisa kukosha private pfuma, zvoupfumi yokugutsikana. Independent unhu - izvo rinoumbwa kupfuura mberi muvanhu. Pasina zvisingabviri kuwedzera zvakanaka uye isimbe.

ndichisunga mitemo

Zvii zvimwe nzvimbo nekuita kunoratidza veruzhinji uye hurumende? Muchidimbu pamusoro pfungwa mharadzano, tisingatauri pamutemo divi nyaya. Kunyatsogona mumagariro uye enyika upenyu vari wakaiswa muBumbiro reMitemo. mutemo uyu unokosha ndiye muenzaniso pamutemo munzanga. With bumbiro, vagari ugone zvavanoda panyaya yokurwisana uye kukakavadzana. Pursuant kuna hwakagadzwa dzemunharaunda munzanga, vachibatsira mukudenga yakasimba uye inobudirira pamutemo hurongwa.

Constitution - mutemo inokosha, asi kunze kuti pane dzimwe mitemo yakawanda. Pamwe chete, vari mapoka mapoka akawanda, yokudzora zvimwe zvinhu munzanga. Panewo mirau anobatsira kujekesa neimwe nyaya rawo yavo.

zvaakatonga chinhu

Independent dare - mumwe mudziyo iyo anosarudza nhamba kwemitemo uye veruzhinji. Muchidimbu kwayo nezvainoita zvinofanira kutaurwa, kana chete nokuti tichibatsirwa vanhu vanogona kuwana kuurayiwa mitemo.

Court - mukuru kondakita reMitemo. Uye kana ari oga gwaro rayo kuzivisa, achibatsirwa ane adversarial nzira Company zvokurimisa sanyorwa nheyo idzi muupenyu.

Advocacy

Nokuti anobudirira muenzaniso enyika kunoda yakawiriranwa basa, izvo pamwe chete vanofanira kubata veruzhinji uye hurumende. Philosophy zvishomanana asi muchidimbu akapindura mubvunzo wokuti, mune pamanyorerwo zvinofanira kuva ukama.

The State anobvumawo basa kudzivirira vagari vahwo vose. Huru Chishandiso, achiruramisa unhu nezviremera, ndiwo mutemo. It inosiya administrative kwesimba haapi hurumende kuzoparadza yakazvimirira veruzhinji.

Kuparadzaniswa kwemasimba

State basa rakakamurwa marudzi akawanda: Executive, matare uye kwemitemo. Muvambi pfungwa ichi chakava Montesquieu. Mukuronga ake aikosha dzidziso mubhuku rake rinonzi "The Mweya Mitemo", akavimba imwe ongororo yakaitwa pasina zvishoma nomukurumbira vamutangira: Aristotle, Plato uye Locke. Nheyo kupatsanurwa kwemasimba rava hwaro nokuda Declaration of Human Rights, vakagamuchirwa muFrance muna 1879.

Kushandiswa muenzaniso uyu - yakanakisisa muenzaniso sei kuti pamwe nehurumende, mutemo, uye veruzhinji. Rondedzera muchidimbu ukama uyu anogona kuva muenzaniso Paramende - Paramende. Vachingotya mutemo zviri vasingatungamirirwi mutungamiri uye kuita akazvimirira sarudzo. Saka, masangano maviri aya vanopikisa mumwe. Uyewo, yakazvimirira dare akabatana navo. vanamwari vatatu vatatu ichi pave pakuenzanisa zvido. No simba achakwanisa vagadze udzvinyiriri uye vasataure pfungwa dzavo nevamwe. Saka kuremekedza kodzero uye rusununguko zvose vomunyika, nekuti mutungamiri uye paramende vanosarudzwa nevanhu. Saka vakatakura musimboti dzakakurumbira mapato. Pakuita zvisarudzo, vevatariri chaizvoizvo chete embody kuti zvinotarisirwa vomumatunhu avo. Saka veruzhinji unochinja upenyu nyika, zvichiita nani uye zvinobatsira. Kana Paramende kana kuti President kutyora kodzero dzevanhu, vanogona kuenda kudare uye, zvakare, kuti kudzivirira zvavanoda kuburikidza chepamutemo chokushandisa.

ruenzano zviremera

Setsika, kuti Paramende ndiye soro, nekuti mitemo vari chisingaperi vose. Asi hazvisi Mhedziso. Varikutonga Bazi anezvakawanda kodzero, zvikurukuru, vanogona kuita zvemitemo matanho, uyewo kushandisa kurambidza. With izvi zvose zviri vanosungirwa Bumbiro Remitemo nemamwe pamutemo akagamuchira dzemunharaunda.

Panyaya Court, zviri zvakafanana zvakakosha kuti mumwe munhu uye kuti yose nehurumende. nzvimbo iyi inofanira kuva yakazvimirira enyika hadzimbotauri, anonyengera uye pachedu netsitsi. The chete nzira achakwanisa kuramba yakaenzanirana pakuenzanisa veruzhinji uye hurumende. Muchidimbu dismantling zviga pamatavi ose simba, uye zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti vaparadzane chero zvazvingava hazvirevi chinokosha kupikisana. In zvinoitirwawo rokurwisana pakati hurumende nemasangano sezvo inonzwisisika kuenderera nokusimbaradza uori avamba, uchiteverwa upfumi paanochinja uye kuderera kwevanhu zvakanaka.

Kodzero

kodzero nokusununguka kwevagari vemo unogona kukamurwa kuva mapoka makuru matatu. Chokutanga - enyika chete. Izvi zvinosanganisira rusununguko rwokuungana zvine rugare, kodzero kuvhota (kuti kusarudzwa uye kuvhota) uye muhurumende. Zvikuru kwazvo ehurumende boka. Inoitwa chinokosha zvinobatanidzwa rusununguko hwevanhu: kuti sangano, upenyu, rusununguko rwokutaura, pfungwa, uye zvichingodaro ..

Kana mamiriro haadziviriri misimboti iyi, rikawira nenzira udzvinyiriri uye totalitarianism. Uyewo chinokosha ndiko boka rechitatu kodzero uye rusununguko, kukanganisa hupfumi, tsika nemagariro zvoupenyu hwevanhu. Somuenzaniso, izvi zvinosanganisira chinokosha pamusoro inviolability dzakavandika pfuma.