Vintage mwero urefu, nharaunda, vakawanda. Kukosha anoyera yekare kuyerwa tsika mu Rus

Nhasi, mumwe nomumwe wedu ari pakunzi vamwe chipimo matanho chete anoshandisa mazwi ano. Uye romuzvarirwo uye zvakasikwa. Zvisinei, kudzidza munhoroondo kana kuverenga mabhuku mabasa, tiri kazhinji akasangana nemashoko akadai sokuti "span", "Arshin", "kugokora", uye zvichingodaro. D.

Uye kushandisa ichi yematemu Uyewo chakaipa, nekuti hakuna akafanana yekare kuyerwa zviyero. Inorevei, munhu wose anofanira kuziva. Sei? Chekutanga, ndicho nyaya madzitateguru edu. Chechipiri, ruzivo yakadaro nechiidzo kwedu zvedzidzo chechetere.

Nyaya matanho

Development nzanga yevanhu hakwaikwanisika pasina kunzwisisa uri nhoroondo. Asi zvakanga zvisina kukwana. Kuti tirambe nyaya zhinji zvinodiwa uye zvimwe vamapoka urefu, vakawanda uye nzvimbo. murume wavo akauya ari chinhu chisingatombotarisirwi siyana. Somuenzaniso, chero chikuva kunorondedzerwa kuchinja, kana matanho. Vintage kuyera matanho chokuita kukura dzevanhu kana kujekesa zvinyama mari hwaienzanirana kureba munwe kana Joint, span ruoko, uye zvichingodaro. E., Ndizvo zvose iri tambo tambo, nguva dzose riri pana pacharo mhando.

On a anonakidza nzira yokuziva urefu madzitateguru edu, tinodzidza kubva yaMakoronike uye tsamba yekare. Izvi "dombo rapotserwa" kureva, chake chakakandirwa, uye "nepfuti pena", uye "perestrel" (kuwanda ndege miseve), uye zvakawanda. Dzimwe nguva chikwata yakayerwa ndiyo daro panguva iyo kuzosimudzazve kuchema mhuka. Chaiva "jongwe", "nzombe ngaritinhire," uye zvichingodaro. D. An chinofadza mwero urefu aivapo pakati vanhu kweSiberia. Iye akanzi "Beech" uye raireva akanga pasi nechekure panguva iyo munhu nemaziso akabatanidza kupinda imwe nzombe runyanga.

Hwakawanda huripo yaMakoronike, tinogona kugumisa kuti yekare zviyero yakayerwa muRussia akaonekwa 11-12 emakore. Vaiva zvidzidzo zvakadai makiromita manomwe tsoka, kugokora uye span. Zvisinei, mumazuva iwayo, imwe nzira murume-yakagadzirirwa kuziva urefu achiri kusagadzikana chaizvo. Ivo zvinosiyana zvishoma zvichienderana hugota uye dzichichinja pamusoro nguva.

YaMakoronike 13-15 emakore, tinodzidza kuti yekare zviyero nokuyerwa yokusazvibata miviri (kazhinji nechipiriso) - kad, sezvikamu, nepedyo uye Osmino. Muna 16-17 emakore. mazwi aya akanyangarika pakushandisa. The chikuru chiyero unzenza miviri kubva iyi anova kota icho anenge hwaienzanirana kuti pudam matanhatu.

shoko "vangapiwa" rinowanikwa dzinoverengeka magwaro nenguva Kievan Rus. chikwata ichi uremu ndiye kupararira sezvo berkovets uye pud.

Kutsunga urefu

Vintage matanho nokuyerwa mumuviri zvakawanda hazvisi yakarurama kwazvo. Izvi zvinoshandawo kuziva urefu matanho. chikwata ichi yaishandiswa Ancient Rome, Ancient Greece, Persia uye Ijipiti. Human danho, avhareji kureba masendimita 71, daro vakatsunga kunyange pakati maguta. chikwata kwakadaro rinoshandiswa nguva yedu. Zvisinei, nhasi, anokosha pedometers mano kunotemwa kwete kure uye kuwanda kwenhambwe vaifamba murume.

Kuyera kureba, yaishandiswa muMediterranean nyika, yakava chikwata zvakadaro, seboka rezvipfuwo. Kutaurwa rinogona kuwanikwa zvinyorwa, kudanana kubva pakutanga chemakore BC. e. Matanho akanga akaenzana daro iyo munhu wakadzikama kumhanya anogona kuenda kubva mambakwedza kusvikira nhambo apo gwenya dhisiki zvachose muchaonekwa pamusoro jengachenga.

Sezvo kukura vanhu vanhu vava kunodiwa makuru kwazvo. Panyaya iyi, paiva maira wekare weRoma akaenzana nhambwe 1000.

Vintage matanho urefu kuyera marudzi siyana vakasiyana mumwe. Saka Estonian vafambisi kutsunga kure sepombi. Izvi kwaiva nzira kuti chikepe rakaitirwa kwechinguva rakazara zvakakwana fodya nyere. Nechiyero pakureba kubva vokuSpain rinonzi fodya. VokuJapan rinotsanangurwa daro "bhiza bhutsu". Yaiva nzira kuti yaizopfuura mhuka kusvikira wakakwana kusakara mashanga inotsika inotsiviwa shangu yake.

tsika Key kuziva urefu muna Rus

Yeuka chirevo chekare yakayerwa matanho. Mumwe wavo inozivikanwa kwatiri kubva pauduku: "Kubva muhari nemasendimita maviri, uye chete ukazchik". Chii Kureba chikwata kwakadaro? MuRussia, zvakanga akaenzana upamhi indekisi uye minwe pakati. Muchiitiko chino, mumwe padiki hwaienzanirana mumwe-nemitanhatu ane pachivanze. Nhasi, ukoshi uyu 4.44 masendimita Asi Russian chiyero yekare -. Nzara - yaiva 11 mm. Anoendeswa mana nguva, zvakanga akaenzana mumwe nemainji.

MuRussia, dzimwe makumi tambo matanho vaiva kushandiswa panyaya kukura wezvokutengeserana ukama nedzimwe nyika. Saka pakanga svinga yainzi netepimezha. Zvino zita kubva pashoko Persian "kugokora". In mutauro uyu, unonakidza se "Arches". Akasvika makubhiti akaenzana 71,12 cm pamwe vatengesi vaibva kure, kuunza Chinese nesirika, vherevheti uye brocade Indian.

Kuyera chinokosha, vatengesi vokumabvazuva akaipinza ruoko rwake kune pamapfudzi. Nemamwe mashoko, ivo kuyera nhumbi netepimezha. Zvakanga yakakodzera chaizvo, nokuti ichi tambo mudziyo waiva nguva dzose naye. Zvisinei, vatengesi venjere kutsvaka vabatsiri pamwe mapfupi maoko, pachivanze kuti aiva tishu duku. Asi nokukurumidza yakaguma. Vakuru venzvimbo pamutemo mamita, iyo yaishandiswa pasina anosara. Vakatendeukira kuva mutongi yemapuranga, chakarairwa Moscow. Makopi akadaro mano akatumirwa zvose pamusoro Russia. Uye kuti hapana anogona nyengera zvishoma uye kupfupisa pachivanze, mudzinza inoguma dzakarukwa simbi, iyo afuke pachena rusarura. Kusvika panguva chikwata yakayerwa hakuchisina kushandiswa. Zvisinei, shoko kuti kukosha yakadaro yaizivikanwa tose. Nezvake, uye kuudza zvirevo pamwe yekare chipimo matanho. Saka, nokuti murume ane njere dzinoti iye anogona "kuona pasi namakumbo matanhatu."

Chiizve muRussia anosarudza daro?

Pane dzimwe chiyero rekare urefu. Izvi zvinosanganisira tsoka nomwe. Kutaurwa rokuti yakatanga kutaurwa "The zvakaedza pakutanga Kiev-Pechersk Monastery" chaiko kudzokera remakore rechi11. Uye vaviri vakati vapfuura zvipenyu aivapo. Mumwe wavo ari flywheel, izvo zvakaenzana kure pakati muromo pakati munwe, rukabata kwakasiyana-siyana. Kukosha matanho yekare nokuyerwa ichi mhando akanga akaenzana 1 mamita 76 masendimita vakati vapfuura rechipiri mhando -. Skew. Raiva kureba kubva chitsitsinho shangu netsoka rwake rworudyi kuti muromo pakati nomunwe ruoko rwake rworuboshwe zvakaparadzana kumusoro. Pezvemakuriro oblique vakati vapfuura akanga vanenge 248 cm. Dzimwe izwi anotaurwa tsanangudzo dzevanhu mitambo akavaka. Vanoti kuti ane ane oblique tsoka nomwe panguva pamafudzi.

Old Russian chiyero kuyera guru marefu - munda kana mamaira. The kutaurwa tsika idzi kutanga inowanikwa muzvinyorwa remakore rechi11. maira kureba 1060 m. Zvakare, izwi akanga pakutanga kushandiswa nokuyerwa arable nyika. Aireva kure pakati majana ose gejo.

Vintage kwazvo kuyera zviyero taimbova tamba zita. Saka, pamwe ushe Alexei Mikhailovich (1645-1676 gg.), A murume wakareba kwazvo akasvika pakunzi Kolomna mamaira. Not kukanganwa chinosetsa rokuti nhasi.

Kusvikira 18. muRussia akashandisa chikwata ichi sezvo mezhevaya mamaira. Iye akayera chinhambwe pakati miganhu yawo. Kureba maira uyu 1000 mamita. Nhasi ndiyo 2.13? Km.

Chimwe chiyero rekare urefu aiva span muRussia. Its ukoshi inenge kota pachivanze uye akanga anenge masendimita 18 .:

- "span duku", iro akaenzana chinhambwe pakati kumuromo kwematanda rwake rwakatambanudzwa thumbs uye indekisi munwe;
- "guru span" akaenzana pakureba voga pakati napagumwe roruoko uye pakati chigunwe.

Vakawanda tsumo wakatorwa akwegura kuyerwa anoratidza nesu uye mari iyi. Somuenzaniso, "shasha nomwe." Saka kutaura akangwara chaizvo murume.

Duku wekare chairema urefu anoonekwa kuti mutsetse. It akaenzana upamhi gorosi zviyo 2,54 mm. Kusvikira zvino, chikwata ichi yakayerwa rakashandiswa Watch Factory. ukuru Swiss chete akabvuma - 2,08 mm. Somuenzaniso, ukuru avanhu yokurinda "Victory" ndiyo 12 mitsetse, uye vakadzi "Dawn" - 8.

European chairema urefu

C 18. Russia yava yekudyidzana kuwedzera ayo kutengeserana ukama Western nyika. Ndokusaka kwaidiwa kuti matanho matsva nezviyero anogona kuenzaniswa European. Zvino Peter Ndakapedza metrological kuchinja. chirevo chake vamwe Chirungu kuti madaro akayera vakanga akatanga munyika. Ndivo tsoka, masendimita uye makubhiti. Zvikurukuru zvakapararira muzvikamu izvi wakagamuchira shipbuilding uye romugungwa.

Maererano nengano, kekutanga akataura chivanze richiri 101, Zvakanga ukoshi akaenzana pakureba mumhino Henry I (Mambo England) kuti muromo pakati nomunwe rwake, rukabata mune chinjikira chinzvimbo. Nhasi, kure uyu 0,91 m.

Foot nechivanze - munhu mazambiringa pedengu matanho chokuita nomumwe. Vakaburuka Chirungu shoko «rutsoka» - netsoka, ukoshi ichi akaenzana chimwe-chetatu pachivanze. Nhasi tsoka - ndiyo 30,48 masendimita.

Kubva Dutch shoko thumbs, zvinotoda zita raro chikwata ichi sezvo suduru. pakutanga chii akayera kure? Zvakanga akaenzana pakureba tsanga zvitatu zvebhari kana phalanx akaomeswa napagumwe roruoko. To musi, mumwe padiki ndiye 2,54 masendimita uye raishandiswa Pakusarudza chomukati dhayamita kuti matai, sepombi uye zvakafanana. D.

Streamlining wegadziriro

Kuti vawane zororo yokuchinjira kubva mumwe Unit nomumwe, muna Rus chaiyo matafura dzakabudiswa. Kune rumwe rutivi Vauya matanho yekare. Vamapoka vatorwa mavambo, uyo akasangana Russian, vakaiswa chiratidzo zvakaenzana. In chete tafura, uye vakauya avo zviyero kuti dzave kushandiswa munyika.

Zvisinei, kuvhiringidzika pamwe negadziriro matanho Russia hauna magumo. Mumaguta siyana kushandisa muzvikamu zvavo. Mugumo ichi wakaradzikwa chete muna 1918, apo Russia kuitwa kune arşive hurongwa.

kuyera vhorumu

Munhu anofanira kuyerwa panyama zvakawanda uye hombe zvokunwa. Kuti aite izvi, akatanga kushandisa zvose yaiwanika kwaari kumba (migomo, zvirongo uye dzimwe mumidziyo).

Ndezvipi yekare nokuyerwa bhuku matanho vakatora nzvimbo muRussia? Loose miviri, madzitateguru edu akanga kuyerwa

1. Osminnikom kana Osmino. Uyu wekare chikwata akaenzana 104,956 litres. A zvakafanana rinoshandiswa uye kuti nzvimbo yaiva 1365.675 mativi mita. Osmino kutanga kutaurwa zvinyorwa kubva remakore rechi15. Vakawanda kushandiswa Russia nokuti hunoshanda, sezvo akanga uwandu kaviri zvishoma pane kota. Paiva mumwe mwero akaenzana. Iye tangi, iyo yakatora simbi kukwasva. Zviyo yakadururirwa rwokuyeresa Osmino zvinopeputsa pfungwa. Pashure kushandisa vakwasva mukati vaite kugera mucheto. Mimwe midziyo zvakafanana zvakagadzirwa nemhangura uye vakatuma mhiri Russia.

2. Rakamira, kana kadyu. Izvi kuyera Matangi vaiva mune 16-17 emakore. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, vakasangana kwazvo kashoma. Nengetani aiva nechiyero chikuru unzenza mitumbi mu Russia. Uye zita chikwata rinobva chaiwo emiti (muShifimi), iyo chakatorwa kuti kuyerwa. Kuyera mukombe pamusoro snug simbi hoop wakaiita hazviiti kucheka micheto manomano uye kutengesa mari nezviyo duku.

3. Quarter. Bhuku rino chiyero yaishandiswa kuona uwandu hwakatsetseka, bota uye tsanga. Muupenyu hwezuva nezuva kota-pamusoro penhumbi vakapararira vakwanise, sezvo akanga zvakawanda inoshanda saizi (1/4 fetter). chikwata ichi yakayerwa yaishandiswa Russia kubvira wa14 kusvika rechi19 emakore.

4. Kul. Russian chiyero ichi wekare rinoshandiswa granular zvokuvakisa, akaenzana 5-9 pudam. Vamwe vaongorori vanodavira kuti shoko "saga" kamwe raireva "mbava". Izwi iri rinoshandiswa kuti mumidziyo vasonanidza kubva ganda mhuka. Gare gare zvakafanana midziyo yakagadzirwa simbi rakarukwa zvinhu.

5. migomo. Kwakadaro chiyero madzitateguru edu vakatsunga chitsama emura. Zvaidavirwa kuti bhaketi anoiswa ari kutenga mikombe 8, mumwe Vhoriyamu inova 10 Charka.

6. emiti. chikwata vatengesi Russian kwakadaro kushandiswa apo kutengesa waini kuvatorwa. Zvaidavirwa kuti rimwe dhiramu rine 10 nemakeni.

7. hari. Izvi hari huru nevhu anowana chikumbiro yayo nokuyerwa bhuku waini. For dzakasiyana zvikamu Rus korchaga ranged kubva 12 kusvika 15 litres.

nokuyerwa kurema

Old Russian maitiro zviyero yaisanganisira, uye chikwata kuti kuyera uremu. Pasina pavo zvisingabviri zvokutengeserana basa. Pane siyana yekare chiyero vakawanda chipimo. Pakati pavo:

1. The vangapiwa. Pakutanga shoko iri zvaireva duku dzendarama mari, unova chairema kuyerwa. Nokuenzanisa kwayo uremu nedzimwe nyaya inokosha, rinokosha simbi kuchena akanga akatsunga, kubva yavakanga vakaitwa.

2. Pud. chikwata ichi uremu akaenzana 3840 uye hwaienzanirana vangapiwa 16,3804964 makirogiramu. Kunyange Ivan Grozny akarayira kuti kuyera chero chigadzirwa chete pudovschikov. Uye kubva 1797, pashure mutemo pamusoro muzviyereso, vakatanga kubereka idenderedzwa Zviidzo zvakafanana mumwe maviri pudam.

3. Berkovets. Zita iri vakawanda dzakabatana zvinobva Swedish zvokutengeserana mutaundi Bjerke. Mumwe hwaienzanirana berkovets pudam 10 kana 164 makirogiramu. Pakutanga, zvakadai vatengesi hombe-saizi inoshandiswa kuona kurema wakisi nouchi.

4. Share. chikwata ichi yakayerwa muRussia raiva duku. Her uremu kwakanga 14.435 MG, izvo zvinogona kuenzaniswa 1/96 pakati vangapiwa. Kakawanda, nhamba kushandiswa mints.

5. Pound. Pakutanga, chairema nokuyerwa kurema aizivikanwa se "Hryvnia." Its ukoshi rinoenderana vangapiwa 96. Sezvo 1747 pondo akava bhuku uremu, iro raishandiswa kusvikira 1918

kuyera nharaunda

Vamwe zvinodiwa kunge yakaitwa namadzibaba edu, uye kuona kukosha panyika. Ichi chekare nzvimbo dzakaenzana matanho, kusanganisira:

1. sikweya zvemakiromita. Kutaurwa Unit ichi, akaenzana 1,138 ba. makiromita, rinowanikwa magwaro kudanana shure 11-17 emakore.

2. Chegumi. Ichi chinhu Russian Unit yekare, iyo ukoshi anoenderana 2400 sq. metres nyika arable. Pari, zvegumi ndiyo 1,0925 hectares. chikwata ichi rinoshandiswa remakore rechi14. Aizivikanwa somunhu rectangle ane mativi vaiva 80 kusvika 30 kana 60 kuti 40 vakati vapfuura. chegumi ichi kwainzi breech uye kwave chiyero chikuru chenyika.

3. Quarter. chiyero ichi kwenyika arable aiva Unit, riri maeka nehafu. Inozivikanwa kota kubva pamugumo remakore rechi15, uye ayo kushandiswa mukuru akaramba kusvikira 1766 zita raro, chikwata ichi akagashira kubva kunharaunda nezviyero, izvo zvinogona kudyara rye mu uwandu ¼ qadi vhoriyamu.

4. Soha. Izvi nzvimbo chairema yakayerwa yaishandiswa Russia kubva rechi13 kusvikira rechi17 emakore. Isu richishandiswa zvokubhadhara mutero-mitero. Uye marudzi anoverengeka gejo, zvichienderana nekukura yakanakisisa iyo. Saka, chikwata ichi chaiva:

- hwokushumira ine 800 kumativi soundly kurima;
- Church (kumativi 600);
- black (400 nepedyo).

Kuti uwane kuti vangani sokh kune hurumende yeRussia, kuverengwa kwenyika kwakatangwa. Uye chete muna 1678-1679 makore. Iyi nhengo yedunhu yakatsiviwa nenhamba yedare.

Kushandiswa kwemazuva ano kwezviyero zvekare

Nezvimwe zvikamu zvekusarudza ivhu, nzvimbo uye kure, izvo madzitateguru edu akashandisa zvakanyanya, tinoziva nhasi. Saka mune dzimwe nyika, urefu huri kuyerwa mumakiromita, yadhi, mamita uye masendimita, uye mukubika kunoshandisa pound uye spool.

Zvisinei, kazhinji kazhinji masangano ekare anowanikwa mumabasa ekunyora, nhoroondo dzezvakaitika uye zvirevo.