Yavaibvisa hydroxide: wevacheche, zvivako uye kushandisa

Chimwe chinokosha makemikari synthesized mapato makuru gore negore alkali ndiyo yavaibvisa hydroxide. kukurumbira akadaro zvaikodzera nokuda ehupfumi dzavo. Caustic pasoda, iyo nzira - NaOH, ari mukuru ezvokutengeserana kukosha kuvanhu. Funga fuma yakawanda.

History of kuwanikwa mumiririri

The kutaurwa mukomboni pamusoro ehupfumi afanane yavaibvisa hydroxide wokutanga, kuonekwa kunyange kare. Kunyange Bhaibheri rine mamwe mashoko pamusoro neter fuma zvikaramba kubva makungwa muIjipiti. Anofungidzirwa ichi chaiva caustic pasoda.

Aristotle, Plato nevamwe vazivi vechiGiriki uye Roman vekare uye masayendisiti akataurawo nitrum fuma iri rakatorwa dzinongoitika reservoirs uye vakatengesa muchimiro guru zvidimbu zvakasiyana mavara (dema, kuchena, chena). Pashure pezvose, nzira kurapwa uchigere kuziva chinhu, saka nokwenzvimbo kubatana kubva marasha, kurisvibisa, zvakanga zvisingaiti.

Muna 385 BC, rave richishandiswa sipo-kugadzira. Masero kwakavakirwa yavaibvisa hydroxide yaishandiswa. The yemaitiro zvakanga haisati kuzivikanwa chokwadi, asi haina kukuvara dzokubvisa kubva madota miti genus Salsola, kubva madhamu uye kushandiswa rokuchenesa zvemumba, mbatya, kugadzira Sipo siyana.

Zvishoma Papera Arab akadzidza kuwedzera chigadzirwa zvinokosha anonhuwirira, zvinonhuwirira. Ipapo sipo yaiva yakanaka uye inofadza anonhuwira. Zvakatanga vanoshingaira kukura sipo rokuita pezvakaitwa uye michina.

Kutozosvikira XVII remakore, caustic pasoda, vane ehupfumi zvinoshandiswa zvakazara, sezvo makemikari remubatanidzwa akaramba unstudied. Its pamwe zvakadai zvinokuvadza sezvo yavaibvisa, hydroxide , potassium carbonate, yavaibvisa. Vose vakadanwa caustic alkalis.

Papera musayendisiti Duhamel weZimbabwe Monceau akakwanisa kuratidza musiyano pakati izvi zvinhu uye akavakamura kuva alkali uye munyu. Sezvo caustic mushaba uye akanga ake chechokwadi uye achitsungirira nhasi zita.

anoreva zvakafanana mazita

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti zita fuma iyi haisi chete uye ane anoreva zvakafanana wandei. All zvinogona akasarudzwa 6 mikana yakasiyana:

• yavaibvisa hydroxide;
• yavaibvisa hydroxide;
• caustic mushaba;
• yavaibvisa alkali;
• caustics;
• caustic alkali.

Caustic pasoda , remubatanidzwa ichi anonzi zvakafanana uye indasitiri. Makemikari usage zvinonyanya wagona kutaura yavaibvisa nesipo kana caustic pasoda. The yemaitiro anoramba chete. The kupfuura munhuwo zita - caustics. The zvakanakisisa panyaya enderana Nomenclature zita zvinhu riri yavaibvisa hydroxide.

Makemikari fomura uye samolecular marongerwo

Kana fuma ichaongororwa mumaonero kemisitiri, zvichava panofanira ions zviviri: yavaibvisa nokuo- nga (Na ⁺⁾ uye hydroxide anion (OH ^-). Kubata mumwe nokuda electrostatic kukwezvana raznozaryazhennyh nezvimedu, ions izvi zvinoumba yavaibvisa hydroxide. Empirical payakavakirwa of fomu iri NaOH.

Gidroksogrupp akaumba covalent polar chisungo pakati oxygen rehydrogen, sezvamakaropafadzwa riri inoitwa ne yavaibvisa Ionic chisungo. The alkali inotoda dissociated chose kupinda ions, ari simba electrolyte.

Laboratory nzira hwokubereka

Industrial uye rabhoritari nzira achigadzirira yavaibvisa hydroxide kunyatsotevera inonyatsoratidza. Kazhinji zviduku zvakawanda zviri kuwanikwa nemakemikari uye electrochemical nzira muzvikamu zviduku kupfuura maindasitiri zvivako. A tani ari pafuma zvinoberekwa chete nzira kune hombe mapoka masero.

Kune akawanda zvinokosha nzira nokuda kwetunhu caustic murabhoritari.

1. Ferritic nzira. Inoitwa huru muzvikamu zviviri zvinoti: sintering wokutanga pasi kumusoro tembiricha yavaibvisa carbonate uye simbi oxide (III). Izvi unobereka yavaibvisa ferrite (NaFeO _2). At rechipiri pachikuva, zviri pachena kuti mvura uye uchiora kuumbika yavaibvisa hydroxide uye mvura rakasangana nesimbi (Fe ₂ O ₃ * H ₂ O). The zvichiguma caustic pasoda inotoda Ipwa kuti kubva crystals kana flakes chena. kuchena Its oda 92%.
2. Lime nzira. Zvaakazoita ndiye kudyidzana pakati yavaibvisa carbonate uye calcium yakawanda hydroxide (slaked madota) kuumbika karusiyamu carbonate uye caustic. The kuita chiri kuitwa panguva tembiricha ⁸⁰ C. Sezvo kunoguma munyu precipitates, zvinonzi akaparadzaniswa nyore. The yasara mhinduro yakanga Ipwa kupa yavaibvisa alkali.
3. The diaphragm uye nzira kuti kubudisa membrane. Inobva basa electrolyzer chikwata. Zvakabatsira mhinduro tsika munyu (NaCL), izvo electrolyzed kuti aumbe chepachena gaseous kuiisa chlorine uye caustic pasoda kweShanduro achida chigadzirwa. The musiyano nzira idzi kuti kana muitiro diaphragm chikuru STRUCTURAL chikamu mudziyo uri diaphragm pakati asbestos (cathode). Kana diaphragm nzira cathode uye anode nzvimbo yakakamurwa rinokosha membrane.

Saka akagadzira murabhoritari uye yavaibvisa hydroxide, achisarudza kupfuura yakakunakira sarudzo muna zvinhu nemashoko. Iye, sezvo mutemo, zvishoma simba-nyanyisa.

Reongororo mu indasitiri

Sei yakadaro fuma iri indasitiri, zvakadai yavaibvisa hydroxide? Liquid uye chikukutu caustic pasoda anogadzirwa kazhinji electrochemical nzira. Kwakavakirwa electrolysis chemhinduro dzinongoitika chicherwa halite, zvakawanda achiumbwa pamwe yavaibvisa chloride.

The chikuru chinoratidza kwetunhu ichi ndechokuti ne-zvigadzirwa pamwe yavaibvisa hydroxide vari gaseous kuiisa chlorine uye rehydrogen. Masero ari kuitwa chero zvitatu:

• hwidibiro nokuti electrolysis hwakasimba cathode;
• emura nemekiyuri cathode;
• Kamudzira pamwe hwakasimba cathode.

Ruzhinji caustic pasoda anogadzirwa nyika zvinoberekwa nzira ichiri chete membrane. The zvichiguma alkali kwakasiyana zvakakwana yakakwirira pamwero kutsvinda.

mafomu

Kune maindasitiri dzakawanda umo chaiko yavaibvisa hydroxide. Chikumbiro hunobva zvayo makemikari mumuviri zvivako, zvichiita remubatanidzwa ichi chinokosha Syntheses zhinji uye muitiro.

Kune nzvimbo huru dzakawanda apo yavaibvisa hydroxide - a fanira maatomu akafanana.

1. kugadzirwa Chemical (kwetunhu esters, Sipo, mafuta, kugadzirwa fibers, aruminiyamu etching, kubereka yakanatswa zvigadzirwa, sezvo anowedzera muzvirongwa zhinji, kumboenda fuma kuti neutralize pamusoro acids vavo runoenzanirana oxides; mune Analytical kemisitiri rinoshandiswa kuti titration; rinoshandiswawo kuwana simbi yakachena, munyu zvakawanda nezvimwe zvigadziko uye Organic yeimwe).
2. In bepa gadzira, nokuti mishonga vehuni pulp (danda fuma Kuraswa lignin).
3. Vanhu upfumi basa zvakare inokosha caustic pasoda. Kushandiswa detergents zhinji uye yokuchenesa kwakavakirwa zvakakosha zvikuru. Sipo, shambuu kugamuchira - ichi zvose hachisi pasina caustic.
4. Zvinodiwa kwetunhu biofuels.
5. Ndikarangarira pamwero wenyika nokuda decontamination uye neutralization ose zvine chepfu, migumisiro iri muviri.
6. Kugadzirwa mishonga uye zvinodhaka.
7. Food indasitiri - confectionery, chocolate, but, aizikirimu, zvihwitsi, coloring, maorivhi, chikanywa bhekari zvigadzirwa.
8. In cosmetology chokubvisa wokumwe masangano (moles, papilloma nemburwa).
9. Kushandiswa doro uye fodya zvigayo.
10. Muna Whitehead Textile indasitiri.
11. Glass: ruvara, zvakajairika, uye zvimwe Manyiminya.

Zviri pachena kuti yavaibvisa hydroxide - inokosha zvikuru uye anobatsira mune basa evanhu fuma. Hazvina maturo, zvinonzi synthesized mumatani pagore munyika - mamiriyoni 57 kana kupfuura.

mumuviri ehupfumi

White powdery fuma, dzimwe nguva Hauoneki. Zvingava muchimiro wakaisvonaka crystalline upfu kana dziri flakes. Kazhinji muchimiro guru crystals. Utsotso nguva yakaderera chaizvo - 65,1 ^C. nekukurumidza Very absorbs unyoro uye anova hydrated chimiro 3,5N NaOH · ₂ O. In iyi, utsotso tembiricha ichiri shoma, chete 15.5 ^C. Magadzirirwo risingagumi soluble mu alcohols, mvura . Kuti mugunzve munhu yakasimba uye mvura soapy.

Very ngozi mune pfungwa yokushanda uye rakasanganiswa chimiro. Inokwanisa kukuvadza dzose ziso kusvika optic etsinga. Ziso kuonana zvinogona upofu. Saka, kushanda remubatanidzwa ichi zvikuru ngozi uye kunoda anodzivirira namano.

mushonga ehupfumi

Caustic mushaba ehupfumi Exhibits zvakangofanana zvose alkali: iri vakaita ane acid, asidhi oxides, amphoteric oxides uye hydroxides, munyu. Of Nonmetallic zvaanoita nesarufa, phosphorus uye halogens. Uyewo inokwanisa kuita pamwe simbi.

In Organic kemisitiri yavaibvisa hydroxide ikasakendenga pamwe amides, esters, halogenated alkanes.

chengetedzo mamiriro

Kuchengetera caustic pasoda rinoitwa pasi zvimwe ezvinhu. Izvi nokuti zvikuru reactive, kunyanya kana nyorovera. Dzinokosha ezvinhu ndiwo zvinotevera.

1. Kuchengeta kure kudziyisa midziyo yemagetsi.
2. Hermetically akavanzwa nokunamirwa nechisimbiso kavha hakusi inokwanisa kuparadzira unyoro.
3. Dry crystalline caustics akachengetwa mumasaga aikosha sezvamunoita (gobvu polyethylene), imvura - murima magirazi mabhodhoro pamwe pasi girazi kuparidzirwa. Kana nhamba yakakura uye kunoda chokufambisa, asi yavaibvisa hydroxide mhinduro yaiswamo chaiyo midziyo uye simbi magaba.

The fuma inogona yaitakurwa chero kuvazivisa nzira uchiwirirana nekuchengetedzwa mitemo, kubvisa chokufambisa nendege.

Liquid yavaibvisa nesipo

Kunze nekristaro, pane aqueous mhinduro kuti yavaibvisa hydroxide. Ndizvo zvakafanana payakavakirwa kana yakasimba. Mishonga mhinduro zvikuru uye zvakakunakira kushandisa. Saka, zvakadaro chimiro caustics kushandiswa kakawanda.

A mhinduro kubva yavaibvisa hydroxide ane yemaitiro - NaOH, rinoshandiswa zvose nzvimbo idzi. Zvakavaomera chete panguva zvokufambisa, sezvo zvekufambisa nani dziome caustic. Nokuti dzimwe nzvimbo dzose hakuiti uchabereka crystals, uye mune dzimwe uye runopfuura vavo.