Yokutama mhuka: mienzaniso, zvinokonzera, marudzi. Nei mhuka kuti yokutama?

Unoziva sei pane yokutama mhuka? 7 kirasi anodzidza nezvazvo zvipenyu mukirasi. Uye kunyange zvino, apo kusora zvakavanzika zvipenyu nesayenzi, kuziva ari kutanga kudzidzisa vana kunzwisisa hwezuva nezuva chokwadi: vanhu tama, dzichitama mhuka. Uye kana zvakanaka kunzwisisa zvikonzero zvose zvakafanana.

Dzichitama mhuka (Lat migratio.) - kugara kufambira boka nemhuka shanduko huru dzinogarisana kuti imwe nzira. The inonyanya chinoshamisa zvakadaro shiri (zvose taona kuwa yokutama shuramurove, shiri, duck, starlings uye nedzimwe shiri) uye hove. Zvinokambaira vakadzidza zvishoma. Izvi imhaka yokuti vari kunyanya kuvanza mararamiro, kuvatevera kazhinji hazviiti.

Akatama vane raidudzwa adaptive hunhu, ichi chiri mhuka nyika chinoonekwa-siyana kwazvakaita uye akabuda mukufamba shanduka.

Pamwaka akatama vanonyanya maitiro shiri, vagari unozvidzora latitudes. vari vamwe mhuka: kuchinja dzinogarisana wildebeest, caribou, mamwe marudzi zviremwaremwa, hove (Sturgeon, European muramba), nezvinokambaira (gungwa hamba), crustaceans (Lobster), tumbuyu (mambo shavishavi).

Nei mhuka kuti yokutama?

Chikonzero chikuru kuti sangano remhuka - dzinogarisana shanduko, kazhinji zvakaipisisa. Somuenzaniso, zviri caribou kufamba kubva pakatanga chando, kubva achinaya mvura kusvikira achinaya mvura nokuda kwokushayiwa zvokudya uye kuoma kwayo kugadzirwa munharaunda akafukidzwa nesinou. A pamwaka yokutama mhuka nemaziso mumvura isina kudzika kubva zvakadzika zvikamu madhamu chokuita nokuchinja tembiricha mvura.

No kukosha zvakakukurudzira - kubereka, kana chipfuwo inoda yakasiyana zvakatipoteredza kuberekana. Chimwe chikonzero vaitamira kwakabatana nenjodzi dzinongoitika dzoga. yatichakurukura munyaya ino somuenzaniso nerimwe zvikonzero.

Species vaitamira

Conventionally, marudzi maviri vaitamira vangazivikanwa - vanoshingaira uye kungogara. The vanoshingaira yokutama mhuka kusiyanisa subtypes akawanda: nemwaka kufamba vari (pa diem), nguva dzose (chinjikira uye kutwasuka), zera. Edza kunzwisisa chii chinoumba neimwe mhuka.

Saka, pamwaka (zuva) yokutama mhuka. Mienzaniso kufamba kwakadaro inoonekwa hove uye shiri. To musi, sainzi unozviziva 8,500 eshiri, zvakawanda zvacho ndakagara, kunyange zvazvo kuita vaitamira mukati nzvimbo iri maberekero nguva. Pamwaka kufamba watch kuhwanda kukuru kuri vomumuzinda Arctic uye vakadzikama latitudes: pamwe rava kusvika chando nguva shiri dzinobhururuka ari manyoro, inodziya okunze.

An dzinonakidza chokwadi: Uprofita shiri, zvikuru refu daro chinofamba, ruduku shiri dzinotama vangava mudenga maawa 90 ichi-, nokukurira nzira kusvika 4000? Km.

Hove tama vertically: kana kunonaia anenge pamusoro penyika, muzhizha kana chando - vanowanzotevedzera zhinji yakadzika. Asi nehove mbiri chete vachinje dzavakajaira - a Salmon uye European muramba. Strange asi zvechokwadi Change reservoirs nemunyu uye mvura yakachena achienda hove idzi kaviri muupenyu hwangu - pakuzvarwa uye panguva maberekero mwaka, zvisinei, chete rinoshanda vakadzi avo, pashure mazai amudanire vanourayiwa.

Zvinofadza kuti panguva zviri kukonzera Sarimoni mashava mabheya, zvakare, tama, vachisiya dondo, pakugadzirisa pamusoro penzizi rine Sarimoni. Saka, zvinoitika kuti vanotevera zvokudya dzinorwadza.

Sezvatamboona, periodic yokutama mhuka inogona rakakamurwa subspecies maviri: chinjikira uye tote. Funga zviitiko izvi zvizere.

Horizontal yokutama mhuka chokuita sangano mhuka dzichitsvaka zvokudya. Somuenzaniso, vachena shato huru muzhizha vakabva kweArctic Ocean kusvika Atlantic (subtropical, dzinopisa chikamu), apo panguva ino izere plankton - mukuru shato huru zvokudya.

Vertical kutama kuri mumashoko mhuka Zvikwenzi, izvo chando pasi mudondo, uye muchirimo, sezvo chando convergence uye nokupisa rekushongedzesa mumupata, vanokwira kugomo.

Pane here chinonzi zera yokutama mhuka. kufamba kwakadaro pachena zvakanaka nomuenzaniso guru carnivores. Saka, Tiger, ayo chaizvoizvo, ari oga mhuka ine nharaunda yayo huru, raakanga mashizha chete panguva Rut. Akaberekwa wayo vanogara naamai vavo kusvikira makore kurara pakunamata (kazhinji 3-4 Makore), pashure iyo varume vanoparadzaniswa uye kusiya mhuri kunotsvaka kunharaunda yavo.

The zvinokonzera kutama uye mienzaniso

We kare akataura chii chakaita kutanga dzakadai yokutama mhuka. Mienzaniso vamiririri chaizvo inokurukurwa mberi.

Ngatitange pakatanga hove, sezvo chete vaviri azvo vari pasi kufamba. Izvi zvinosanganisira Sarimoni uye European muramba. Kune vashoma mamwe marudzi, vaitamira kupara, asi pamusoro pavo papera. Saka nei dzichitama hove? Ndechipi chikonzero?

Changing hove dzinogarisana

hove Anadromous - a rudzi kuti anogara imwe nzvimbo, asi maberekero nguva zvikuru kuchinja kwake. Ndechipi chikonzero?

Salmon (Lat. Salmo Salar) anoberekerwa mumvura yakachena, zvino rwizi nokuyerera ichifamba nokukurumidza mugungwa, gungwa, kwaanogara makore 5-7 ari kutarisira pakuyaruka. Zvino kwakauya-refu akamirirwa nguva - vanhu vakakura uye vakagadzirira kusiya mwana. Just chinhu - Vakafanana munyu nemvura, asi vana vanoramba kuoneka muchiedza chake. Hove "anoyeuka" kuti akazvarwa mumvura yakachena, izvo zvinoreva kuti zvinokosha kutsiva wakawanda gungwa-nyanza kune nzizi, uye kunyange zviri nani - pagomo. Ikoko, zvikuru akanaka ezvinhu kuti kubereka. Asi kwete vabereki zvose kusvika achida chinangwa - pano pagere chikara, uyo deftly anobata hove gomo sorukova, achibvarura dzinokara uye kudya kure chete kuita kuti pave. Anokwanisa zvakadaro shava nebere, izvo akasungirirwa yokutama mhuka - ichikonzera zvokudya.

European muramba (Latin Anguilla Zimbabwe.) - musiyano wakakwana kuna Sarimoni. Acne anozvarwa saltwater Sea Sargasso, ichi chinoitika panguva kudzama mamita 400. The hadzi unobereka chiedza panguva inenge hafu mazai vanopfuura vakapinda dukutu rakafanana the willow shizha. Mazana zvayo inokosha musiyano nevabereki vavo akapiwa yoga zita - Leptocephalus. Muenzaniso hove tinogona kufunga zvakadzama rudzi pusa vaitamira: yacho mazana vape- pemvura, mapiki dzavo nokuda Gulf Stream, uye saka makore matatu vakabva vatamira mune noushamwari imwe mvura Muganhu European chikamu Eurasia. Panguva ino, achitora chimiro Leptocephalus muramba chete wakaderedzwa -. About 6 masendimita Panguva iyi, muramba akatamira munzvimbo estuaries, ndokusimudza parukova, hove kuva mukuru. Saka anoenda 9 kana zvichida 12 makore (pasisina), eels vava pabonde vakakura, unopinza chechikadzi kusiyana kuoneka mune ruvara. Ndiyo nguva kuita kuti pave - musana mugungwa.

yokutama mhuka

Gray Whale (Lat. Eschrichtius robustus) anogara kweArctic Ocean, asi, ndezvokuti, vakadzi uye vanhurume kubva October vanotanga kufamba kumaodzanyemba pamhenderekedzo. By December-January mhute anosvika Gulf of California, uko inodziya Mvura dzinotanga zvisangane uye kuberekwa, pashure iyo vanhurume akadzokera kuchamhembe, uye vanhukadzi pamuviri uye vane vana vayo vakadzokera kumusha muna March-April.

Pregnancy hove huru Rinotora rinenge gore, saka muna inodziya mumvura kana pamuviri, kana rinounza chiedza vana itsva. Nokuti muduku zvakakosha chaizvo - iri 2-3 mavhiki upenyu chokutanga, vacheche vari inodziya mumvura kuwana muviri mafuta, iyo dzinovabvumira kudzokera utsinye Arctic Ocean.

Muenzaniso Elk tingati chinhu chakadai nzira mhuka yokutama. Elk zvakafanana "Elk" (kubva muchiLatin. Alces alces), akagovera mudondo mapazi ari Northern Hemisphere. Panongotanga wokutanga chando, nzizi akafukidzwa chando, Elk unotanga kutamira kumaodzanyemba kunzvimbo, apo kukura anodzokororwa uswa, madziva regai -oma. Sezvineiwo, dzichitama kubva October kusvika January, Stony dziri yokupura nzira vari: kungoda vakadzi wekutanga varume vaduku kuvaita. On kudzoka mhuka dziri vakadzoka saizvozvo, asi ikozvino vanhurume vari mberi, achibvisa nzira kubva vaizvambarara hanyanisi. With rava kusvika boka dzinogarisana dzichidzungaira - vakadzi vasina kune rimwe divi, vakadzi vane mhuru - mumwe, vanhurume - ari wechitatu.

Tigers (. Lat bambo), nhengo kupfuura katsi, ndivo chete mararamiro nokomukadzi zvinotora kusvika 50 km² pachake ndima vanhurume - anosvika 100 akaenzana makiromita. Musangano kunoitika munguva maberekero mwaka, vakawanda munhukadzi kunokwezva nenhongo pacharo, kusiya dzakasiyana-siyana zvisiri. Isa fotereza ingwe, mukono anodzoka kunharaunda yake kana kuti kutsvaka inotevera munhukadzi.

Pano tinoona muenzaniso yokutama mhuka mukati dzinogarisana, asi ari kutyora miganhu miganhu. New vana anogara naamai vake chero bedzi "vana" regai kudzidza kunovhima, izvo zvinoda chaizvo kwenguva refu. Saka, muri vaduku pamwechete tigress pamberi pakuyaruka, pashure yakura specimens vari kukunda kundima itsva. Mienzaniso zera-kutama inogona kuwedzerwa uye kare kurondedzerwa European muramba.

Mukanyiwa yokutama mhuka zvakawanda marudzi, asi kufamba nezviremwaremwa - usingatsananguriki hauzozvikanganwi. Chaizvoizvo zviremwaremwa havatani kuti ndakagara mararamiro, asi kana mhuka vanogara dzinodziya vematunhu, unofanira kuenda muchando kumaodzanyemba. Kana mhepo tembiricha iri chando wakachengetwa pakati 0 ° C, nezviremwaremwa anogona overwinter mu attics zvezvivako. Panguva ino, negonzo achawira chando hope. Kana kumanikidzwa vaitamira zviremwaremwa vanotungamirirwa zvaisazogona uye kutama avo nzira inoshandiswa kubva kumarudzi namarudzi.

Funga hunyambiri kutama uye anokwezvera vagere mumakomo. Mumakomo, panguva imwe kukwira ezviuru metres, kujairika zooraznoobrazie: Chinchilla, chando mbada, Cougars, mbudzi, makwai, yaks, omujunipa grosbeak, chena-rine nzeve pheasant, Kea. Nokuti vose vagere dzakakwirira kunoratidzwa gobvu makushe uye minhenga kudzivirira hypothermia mhuka. Mamwe mhuka yechando muna burrows that dzinorara kwenguva refu, uye shiri crevices wamatombo matendere uye patinodziya mushana, patinoravira mapoka. Asi vamiriri hoofed kutsoka ari mawere achitsvaka zvokudya, shure kwavo vari zvikara, vakadzingirira zvavo.

Interesting chokwadi: The mbudzi dzomumakomo uye makwai vanokwanisa tama kuburikidza pamatombo, pasina achisiya pagomo mudungwe munzira. Uye kuvonga zvose chaihwo nemamiriro mahwanda: yacho zvinyoronyoro Mapedhi vari rakadzorerwa nokukurumidza, mahwanda kukwanisa nevakawanda kufamba voga, izvo zvinokosha kana motokari pamatombo nomunzvimbo dzine.

Zvikonzero shanduko nzvimbo shiri nzvimbo

Dzinotama dzinobvumirwa kuchengetwa zvose kuchamhembe uye kumaodzanyemba hemisphere. The rakapinza okunze ari kuchinja, zvikuru raidudzwa ndege. Saka avanoziva kwatiri rarira uye nenjiva vari dzinotama, kana vanogara kuchamhembe kunzvimbo, umo utsinye, chando chakanyanyisa kuwana shiri Foraging nemikana. Vagari wokumaodzanyemba Europe vane ndakagara nemhaka yokusava kuchinja kamwe kamwe ari tembiricha. Maitiro neshiri Africa pano panguva iyoyo inogona kuonekwa sezvo kutama kubva kuchamhembe kusvika kumaodzanyemba uye kubva kumaodzanyemba kusvikira kuchamhembe. Chikonzero akatama izvi rwakavanzwa mune zvinodiwa kuti nyoro kana akaoma ekunze.

Shiri anogona kuita refu zvikuru ndege. Somuenzaniso, nzvimbo pakati chena shuramurove (Lat Ciconia ciconia.) - iri Europe uye chando peshiri Africa, 2 pagore, nokukurira kure 10-15 zviuru? Km .. Asi zvikuru nemamwe pakati shiri dzinotama - Arctic Tern (Latin Sterna paradisaea.). Tern matendere achinaya mvura, pano kunounza manyana. In Mumatsutso nayo migrates kumaodzanyemba hemisphere, uye tsime anodzoka shure. Saka, kaviri pagore shiri anokunda 17 zviuru. Km. Zvinofadza kuti muchirimo uye matsutso Tern ichibhururuka pakutengeserana siyana.

zvinofamba zvinokambaira

Ngatikurukurei muenzaniso pamusoro pegungwa hamba (Lat. Cheloniidae), chii chinokonzera vakawanda akatama mhuka. Sea nenjiva bereka chete mune dzimwe nzvimbo. Saka, Atlantic Ridley (Lat. Lepidochelys kempii) replicates pakachitsuwa chete muMexico, umo mune 1947 masayendisiti vanenge 42 zviuru. Vanhukadzi vakanyorwa, izvo nechikepe mazai avo.

Nemhaka yemiorivhi gungwa hamba (Lat. Lepidochelys olivacea), shoko rokuti "arribida" akaonekwa Science. The chinoshamisa kuti zviuru emiorivhi Ridley muzuva rimwe vari kuenda zvisangane, ipapo nokuda chitsuwa, vakadzi vanenge panguva kuti amudanire mamiriyoni mazai.

Sei tama crustaceans

Lobster (Lat. Achelata) Uyewo runoita pane imwe nguva. The zvinokonzera vaitamira marudzi ichi vachiri haitsananguri sayenzi. In kuwa lobsters unganidzwa mune mudungwe wemabhazi ezviuru zvevanhu uye kuita kufora kubva Bimini Islands kuna Grand Bahama Bank. Nepo tsvagai tsananguro imwe chete kuti maitiro akadaro: kuwa kunotanga kusviba kwaedza inoita Lobster dzinogarisana shanduko.

Spiny Lobster (Lat. Panulirus argus) chiri kuonekwa mumiririri anongofamba crustaceans. Mukutanga yechando, achipinda mumvura zvakadzama. Masayendisiti refu vaidavira kuti chikonzero anozunungusa Lobster - kubereka, asi gare gare Vakawana kuti zai kwenheyo kunoitika zvikuru akazotevera kutama, mwedzi mishomanana. Masayendisiti kudana siyana zvikonzero shanduko nzvimbo Lobster dzinogarisana. Vamwe Somuenzaniso, tenda kuti yokutama crustaceans izvi - munhu kakasaririra of Ice Age, kana vane yechando inotonhora iri warm mvura udzamu.

Yokutama lobsters - chinoshamisa zvechokwadi kuona! Several zana vanhu mbiru kufamba mumwe pashure pomumwe. Chii inonakidza zvikuru, lobsters kuramba kugara vachionana mumwe. Saka, munhu wose ari shure, akabata kanyanga kwayo pamusoro goko uyo anoenda mberi.

Mienzaniso Tupukanana akatama

Key shavishavi Key (Latin Danaus plexippus.) - yakakurumbira ugere North America. Panguva yatinenge yokutama mhuka dzaro chiziviso pamusoro munharaunda Ukraine, Russia, Azores, North Africa. MuMexico, muMichoacán State, kunyange mambo shavishavi chengetedza.

Panyaya vaitamira ndeimwe zvipembenene musiyano: woumambo - mumwe mashoma vamiririri mukirasi yacho, anokwanisa kuyambuka Atlantic Ocean. Atova August, ndimo makapiwa vanotanga tama kumaodzanyemba kundima. The hunotarisira shavishavi ichi upenyu - inenge mwedzi miviri, saka mhuka vaitamira anotora nezvizvarwa.

Diabase - kubereka chinhanho, kunouya mambo, uyo akazvarirwa mukupera muzhizha, vachibvumira bhatafurayi kurarama inenge 7 months uye kusvika chando nhandare. Key shavishavi ane inoshamisa "zuva Switch", iro anobvumira wechitatu, chechina-chizvarwa kudzokera chando nepedyo madzitateguru. Sezvineiwo, zvikuru wakakodzera okunze kuti kungozvifunga izvi akazviratidza muna Bermuda, apo dzimwe tupukanana vari gore rose.

Tama uye European mhuka. Kupendwa Lady Somuenzaniso, chando uye dzinoberekera North Africa uye zvizvarwa zvavo vakatamira kuchamhembe uye kunoita chizvarwa yezhizha, ipapo nhunzi kudzokera Africa. History anodzokorora pacharo muchirimo.

Chii kunakidza, kupendwa mudzimai achibhururuka mumapoka uye anogona kufukidza chinhambwe 500 km nezuva rimwe. All vanogona kubhururuka sezvinongoita 5000? Km panguva vaitamira! Uye pakukurumidza vane panzvimbo guru - zviri 25-30 km / awa.

Vamwe kungozvifunga tama hakusi kugara, asi chete zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu. Izvi zvinosanganisira mikoko, swallowtail, NYMPHALIS ANTIOPA, makabheji, Admiral. All zvipenyu izvi zvinowanikwa North uye Central Europe, asi zvinogona vakatamira rwezasi mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma.

Asi oleander nezizi chitemamachira, Somuenzaniso, gore negore anoita uchifamba kubva Turkey uye North Africa muna Eastern uye Central Europe. Pane izvi kungozvifunga erudzi, asi zvinosuruvarisa kuti vakawanda vevana vavo vanofa muchando. Spring kubva kumaodzanyemba vaitama runotevera.

Small uye Akaafungisisa

Pano tine zvishoma kunzwisisa uye ndokusaka mhuka kuti yokutama. Zvechokwadi, zvikonzero zviri kusiyane asi ndinoda kutaura maviri rakajairika. Tose rangarira nyaya Mowgli, kunyanya nguva apo mumasango rakasvika nguva yakaoma. Nemhuka dzose vakakwezva chete rivulet, apo aifanira kuchengetwa parity: vose vakaenzana, kunovhima - mumwe kunorambidzwa. vaitamira razvichaitika, sezvo mutemo, mukati kuwanda nzvimbo apo mhuka (kunyanya vagari steppes, Semi-mumarenje, Mugwenga) ari kwemvura nguva dzinotama dzichitsvaka zvokudya uye mvura kubva kunzvimbo kunzvimbo, kakawanda ndicho vamiririri ungulates. Zvisinei, kufamba nemombe namakwai rinobatanidza kwemahofisi zvimwe zvikara (mapere, magora), vanofanira kuva pedyo zvokudya. Saka, zvokudya uye mvura vanomanikidzwa tama mapoka makuru mhuka dzakawanda kwemarudzi.

Chikonzero chinokosha - kubereka. Active yokutama mhuka panguva maberekero mwaka, zvikurukuru, gungwa nenjiva, chaizvo uye inonakidza.

Kukurudzirwa marudzi mazhinji mhuka: mumwe mukati nzvimbo, vamwe kufamba zviuru makiromita kusvika yakanaka ekunze; vamwe vangasimudzira kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu (rangarira kuti Sturgeon uye European muramba).

Hongu, yokutama mhuka dzakasiyana dzakasiyana hunhu, zvikonzero zvakasiyana, asi vose vakabatanidzwa chimwe chinhu - nenyota upenyu.