Zemstvo: tsanangudzo pfupi

Zemsky kanzuru - ndiwo muviri Executive, hwakasikwa somugumisiro zvinhu muna 1864 paitonga Alexander II. Masangano aya akaumbwa sechikamu munhevedzano zvinhu vakatakudzwa kubva yechipiri yezana ichi remakore.

Zvinoitwa vezera

The pakarepo zvakasimbisa yokuita zvinhu munyaya zvose wokuRussia vanhu yaiva abolition ose serfdom. danho iri rinokosha akarayira kukurumidza kuchinja magariro yaiona, zvaakatonga hurongwa, uyewo zvakagadzirwa muminda dzidzo uye tsika. Saka, chaizvoizvo kwemakumi emakore nhevedzano zviyero vaitarira uye kuchinja zvinhu nezvakatongwa masangano yakaitwa. Muna 1864, mambo chirevo pamusoro pakagadzwa dzinokosha zemstvos. On chete mharidzo yakanga dzakwidzwa kuitwa uye dzomumaguta kuchinja. mutsva kambora bumbiro yunivhesiti wakatangwa, izvo akapa wakafara kuzvionera kuti masangano aya. Saka, pokugadzwa dzomunzvimbo kuzvitonga chinhu danho rinokosha iri kuchinja mabasa Alexander II.

prehistory

Zemstvo mapuranga asaiva utsanzi: chirongwa anochinja wakagadzirirwa pamavambo remakore. Alexander I basa Speransky kugadzira zvinhu nokuda nemasimba ezviremera zvomunzvimbo. Yakataurwa yokutungamirira ichi chirongwa akadana pakusikwa matatu kwevari simba: kumaruwa Municipality, dunhu uye dunhu. At nerimwe zvese izvi akagovera pakagadzwa okuparadzwa: veko vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata, varidzi uye vanhuwo zvavo vaiva kumaruwa Municipality kanzuru, vari kusarudzwa County, ekupedzisira, uyewo, akaumba dzematunhu uye mumwe - the Russian State Duma. Ichi chirongwa munyika nesarudzo simba, zvichida, chainyanya kukosha chirongwa Speransky, pasinei nokuti sarudzo havasi voga vaiva vanhuwo zvavo vakanga akabvuma. Zvisinei, pakutanga kwezana remakore, urongwa ichi haina chinozoiswa, uye ane chaizvo kuchinja mudzidziso ari kuchinja zvinhu Alexander II.

kunyatsogona

Zemstvo mapuranga vaiva chinokosha chikamu chitsva utungamiriri hurongwa. Maererano nemitemo, pasi akasika yaiona dzematunhu uye dunhu zemstvo nemagungano, izvo zvinozoita akasarudzwa Executive miviri - yevakuru. Vagari akatora chikamu chete wokusarudza gungano reruwa. The vavhoti chaiva Varidzi, mumaguta kwevanhu uye vanhuwo zvavo. yavanopedza aihuitira pfuma zvinodiwa. Boka rokutanga - the aburuka pfuma kwete asingasviki 200 chegumi, Real Estate haidereri pane zviuru 15 rubles .. kana mumwe mari gore negore.

Urban vavhoti aifanira neImba zvokutenga kana maindasitiri zvebhizimisi kana aiwana kwete asingasviki 6 zviuru pagore. Kwiza nechekuzasi. Murimi mudiki musarudzo vaviri-mudariro: kumaruwa munharaunda uye yeko. Nokudaro, zvinodiwa kuti hombe varidzi uye bourgeoisie, apo kodzero vakawanda vanogara kunge zvakawanda.

mamiriro

Zemsky kanzuru kusarudzwa dzematunhu uye eruwa zemstvo nemagungano. Makurukota rinotungamirirwa vatungamiriri misangano iyi. Saka, boka iri atora mikuru zvepamusoro mumuviri izvi yeko. Asi mitumbi izvi havana simba rezvematongerwe enyika, uye mabasa avo chete kugadzirisa emunzvimbo uye mapindu. Uyezve, mabasa avo zvinodzorwa nechepakati uye nemakanzuru masimba. Saka, sachigaro yomunharaunda yoruwa kanzuru mudunhu aifarirwa gurukota Affairs Internal. Dzimwe yakawanda nyaya umo mabasa yeko kuzvitonga, kunyange zvishoma. Mukuwedzera, havana kuva kuri uye vatevedzere masangano dzavo uye, kana zvakakodzera, dzakamanikidzwa kuenda kumapurisa uye kutarisira aibvuma kuvimba kwake pamusoro pavo. Kunyange zvakadaro, zviri kuchinja pave revitalization kwezvirongwa zvekuita mumunda wacho intelligentsia.

mabasa

Chokwadi ndiani akatendera chairmen zemstvo, zvinoratidza sei nezviremera vaifarira pave kuzvidzora pamiviri iyi. Musoro County hurumende akaisa akabvumirwa mubati, vakatevera mabasa hurumende dzematunhu. Basa zviremera zvitsva raisanganisira sangano evanhu kuita wavo hwaHerodhi vaiva njanji, zvipatara, voruzhinji, kuvandudza unyanzvi pakurima uye vanobatsira kukura zvokurima. Vakaumba bhajeti ravo romene hwakavakirwa pfuma kwemitero, pamwe unorema miduku yokuruwa dzakawira. Kunyange zvakadaro, vakawanda vakadzidza vakagamuchira zvinhu pamwe nechido: vanachiremba vakawanda vane zvipo, vadzidzisi, vakashinga, mainjiniya vakaenda kunoshanda mumusha uye zvinobatsira ayo upfumi, magariro kukura.

ukoshi

Munyika itsva iri Zemstvo mapuranga vaiva huru Executive Unit, nokuti avepo omunharaunda zvinodiwa. Iye akasarudzwa kwemakore matatu uye raiva sachigaro uye nhengo nhatu kumativi. Asi, pasinei pachena zvakanaka kuchinja kuti aiva chinokosha Vakaomerwa kana ichienzaniswa zano Speransky, izvo zvakapa kuti kusikwa yose sarudzo hurongwa, kubva kumuduku chiumbu chemagariro, volost akafunga kuti-Russian zvose reDare State Duma, mune imwe sarudzo rakanga wakapindwa zvinenge zvikamu zvose vemo. Maererano kuchinja zvinhu 1864, amachinda uye dunhu zemstvo kanzuru, pamwe chete akaunganidzwa, chaizvoizvo, vakanga chete vakasarudzwa mitumbi miviri pasina nheyo, riri Township pamwero uye-Russian zvose Duma.