Zvinoumba, zvinoriumba, marongerwo uye zvivako zviri enzvimbo goko pasi

Kubudirira mune seismology yakapiwa vanhu uwane ruzivo Nyika uye akaturikidzana nazvo rinoumbwa. Kuurungana ane yayo zvivako, mamiriro uye unhu chokuita dzinokosha pezvakaitwa munyika. The sezvamunoita, mamiriro uye zvivako kunoyerwa kwayo enzvimbo nevamwe huru zvinoriumba.

Kumiririrwa Nyika panguva dzakasiyana

Kubvira kare, vanhu vakaedza kunzwisisa maumbirwo uye Kuronga Earth. The tanga zvekungofungira vakanga evasingatombonamati vasiri chesayenzi muchimiro ngano kana ngano dzechitendero chokuita vanamwari. Munguva yekare neMiddle Ages pakanga dzakawanda dzidziso pamusoro pemavambo yepasi wayo sezvamunoita zvakakodzera. ndiye dangwe dzidziso panyika muchimiro sandara bhora kana kuutio. Nechekare muna 6th remakore BC, vazivi vechiGiriki vakatanga kukakavadzana kuti nyika zvechokwadi kumativi uye rinoumbwa zvicherwa uye simbi. nokufungidzira kwakaitwa muzana remakore rechi16, Edmund Halley kuti Pasi chinosanganisira concentric mabhora, uye mukati riri negomba. Mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi19, migodhi uye kwemaindasitiri vakabatsira kukurumidza kukura wenyika sayenzi. It Vakawana kuti dombo idzodzo zvakarongwa kuitira kuti inotungamirwa yavo nguva. Panguva iyoyowo, Nyanzvi zvakasikwa vakatanga kuona kuti makore ari zvisaririra zvinogona tsunga kubva Geological pfungwa maonero.

Kuongorora kwemakemikari uye Geological sezvamunoita

Marongerwo uye zvivako zviri enzvimbo goko yakasiyana nedzimwe akaturikidzana nemakemikari uye Geological chivako, uye pane misiyano zvikuru tembiricha uye kumanikidzwa. Current nesayenzi kunzwisisa womukati maumbirwo Nyika inobva inferences akaita pachishandiswa zvizivikanwe nemichina zvichiongororwa, pamwe kuyerwa rinokweva uye rinobva minda. Pakazosvika zana remakore rechi20, kukura zvokufambidzana radiometric, iyo inoshandiswa kuona makore zvicherwa uye pamatombo, akaita kuti zvibvire kuti vawane mashoko yakarurama pamusoro wechokwadi zera Nyika, iyo iri makore anenge mabhiriyoni 4-4.5. Pokumuka nzira ano pakuchera uye simbi dzinokosha, uyewo achikura kuziva kukosha mamineral vavo chaivo kuparadzira zvakonzerawo kutsigira kukura inoongorora ano, kusanganisira ruzivo pamusoro akaturikidzana vari chikamu nenzvimbo hamvuropu Pasi.

Marongerwo uye zvivako zviri Nzvimbo hamvuropu

Geosfera inosanganisira hydrosphere, rikabatwa vanenge gumi makiromita udzamu pamusoro pegungwa, uye goko zvomumhepo, kuvakoka kuti kukwirira 30 makiromita. Mukuru kure goko dzinosiyana mana makiromita. rukoko iri kuona migumisiro zvose pano uye yepasi pose kwendangariro. Zvinhu zvinowanikwa matatu panyama inoti, uye ringaumbwa duku zvokutanga nezvimedu zvakadai maatomu, ions uye mamorekuru asi zvinosanganisirawo zvimwe multicomponent hurongwa zhinji. Sechivako Nzvimbo goko inowanzopiwa vaiona sesangano rwokuzvarwa uye munzanga zvoga. Zvinoriumba enzvimbo hamvuropu achimiririrwa ruware paNyika goko, mhepo, mvura, ivhu uye biogeocoenoses.

Maitiro zviri geosphere

Marongerwo uye zvivako zviri enzvimbo goko achireva nhamba hwounhu zvinokosha. Ava: kuvimbika, kutenderera peshoko, mutinhimira uye kugara kukura.

1. Kuvimbika vagara vandifungira zvaizoguma yaipfuurira muviri uye simba, uye zvose zviri zvakamisa hurongwa unobatanidza navo chimwe chidimbu zvinhu, apo kuchinja chero Links kungaita kuti pose kuchinja vamwe vose.
2. Segmented goko kunoratidzwa kuva cyclic makopi nyaya, dzakadai ratinoona uye yomugungwa riparadzirwe pemvura dzenzvimbo. pezvakaitwa More kunzwisisa zviri pamwe nokuchinja uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. Zvinoumba nyaya (mvura inaye). Mune dzimwe zvinogara vane makemikari kusanduka nyaya, kana anonzi chaivo kutenderera.
3. Chimwe chinoratidza goko raro mutinhimira, kureva, kudzokororwa panguva pezvakaitwa siyana uye zvakavapo. It kunokonzerwa kunyanya nokuda muchadenga uye Geological masimba. Kune 24-awa mutinhimira (masikati nousiku), mutinhimira pagore (mwaka), mutinhimira kuitika kuti remakore (Somuenzaniso, kwemakore 30 zvinogara umo mune zvakasiyana okunze, mazitombo echando, nyanza mumatunhu uye bhuku nzizi). Panotova mutinhimira kuitika emakore (semuenzaniso, rakatumbuka maitikiro ose inotonhora uye nyorovera okunze with hot uye akaoma kutotanga, kuitika kamwe mumakore 1800-1900). Geological mutinhimira agare kubva 200 kusvika mamiriyoni 240 makore uye zvichingodaro.
4. Marongerwo uye zvivako zviri enzvimbo goko chokuita nemashoko chichiitwa kukura.

enderera budiriro

Pane zvimwe zvinhu migumisiro uye chichiitwa kukura. Chekutanga, pane dzemo weboka makondinendi, makungwa uye mugungwa. On mutsauko ichi kufurira spatial mifananidzo nenzvimbo mamiriro, kusanganisira nzvimbo uye altitudinal zonation. Chechipiri, pane polar asymmetry kunoratidzwa kuvapo nouchapupu kusiyana Northern uye Southern hemispheres. Izvi zvinoratidzwa, somuenzaniso, ari kuparadzirwa makondinendi uye nyanza, okunze munyika dzine, ari Zvinoumba kasvisto uye fauna of marudzi uye landforms uye nharaunda. Chechitatu, kukura ari geosphere iri zvakabatana chaizvo kune spatial uye dzinongoitika heterogeneity. Izvi pakupedzisira inotungamirira kuti munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dziri yakasiyana kwevari shanduka kwacho kunogona kuitwa panguva imwe chete. Somuenzaniso, kare chando zera iri siyana dzenyika vakatanga ndokuguma dzakasiyana. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo rwokuzvarwa okunze hunowedzera nyorovera, nepo vamwe pane chose pakatarisana mufananidzo.

lithosphere

Mamiriro enzvimbo goko rinosanganisira chinoumba yakadai lithosphere. Zvakaoma, rokunze rwenyika, kuvakoka kuti kudzika anenge 100 makiromita. rukoko urwu unotora munhu goko uye yokumusoro nejasi. Kupfuura Zvinokosha zvakaisvonaka uye rakasimba pasi rukoko kusonganirana izwi akadai tectonic basa. The lithosphere rakakamurwa kuva 15 makuru tectonic mahwendefa: North America, Caribbean, South America, vaPresbyterian, Antarctic, Eurasian, muArabhia, African, Indian, Filipino, wokuAustralia, Pacific, Juan de Fuca, kuti Nazca uye Cocos. Zvinoumba Earth enzvimbo goko munzvimbo idzodzo inozivikanwa nokuvapo rakasiyana-siyana matombo lithosphere uye nejasi cortical. Lithospheric goko kunoratidzwa munhu Continental uye Oceanic gabbro gneiss. Below muganhu, iri repamusoro jasi kunoitika peridotite matombo kunyanya umbwa zvicherwa Olivine uye pyroxene.

kudyidzana yenhengo

The Kuronga nenzvimbo hamvuropu zvinosanganisira vana chaivo geosphere: yacho lithosphere, hydrosphere, mhepo uye biosphere. Mvura runopwa kubva mumakungwa uye makungwa, mhepo kufambisa mhepo nokuyerera panyika, pane vari kuumbwa, uye kwemvura anowira, izvo anodzoka munyanza nenzira dzakasiyana. The zvipenyu kutenderera miriwo ushe kutendeutsa Inorganics kuti organics. Pashure pokuparadzwa zvipenyu, makemikari zvinhu zviri vakadzokera pasi goko zvishoma nezvishoma kuva inorganic.

Chinonyanya kukosha ehupfumi

Properties nenzvimbo pabutiro:

1. Mukana simba okuchengetera uye kutendeuka rezuva chiedza.
2. Kuvapo vakasununguka simba rinodiwa kuti hombe zvakasiyana-siyana zvakasikwa kwendangariro.
3. Rakasiyana nemamwe Kukwanisa kubereka kusiyana zvoutachiona uye vave dzinongoitika dzinogarisana upenyu.
4. nenzvimbo pabutiro ehupfumi zvinosanganisira zvakasiyana-siyana zvine maatomu akafanana.
5. Energy kunobva zvose kubva muchadenga uye kubva pakadzika muura enyika.

Kusiyana nzvimbo yomugariro hamvuropu ndechokuti panguva mhesano yacho lithosphere, mhepo uye hydrosphere mu zvipenyu. Rakanga pano uye akanga achiri kutanga nzanga yose yevanhu, uchishandisa anodiwa zvinhu nokuda zvokurarama nazvo zvavo. Segmented mumuhara anofukidza nyika yose, saka anonzi mapuraneti kunzwisisa dzine matombo akanyora goko, mhepo uye mvura, ivhu uye husingagumi kusiyana vokubereka.