Chii interspecific makwikwi? mienzaniso

Population ikoroji - kurangwa nesayenzi kuti anoona kusiyana ukama pakati zvipenyu kuva vanhu vakasiyana. Chimwe chimiro nekuita kwakadaro interspecific makwikwi. Munyaya ino tichakurukura zvinhu zvayo, mifananidzo panowanikwa kurwira kundima, zvokudya uye zvimwe abiotic zvinhu zviri zvipenyu vanogara dzinongoitika uye chakagadzirwa biogeotsinozah.

Species dzaro zvipenyu unhu

Munguva nhoroondo kukura zvoutachiona taxa (mapoka ane nevakawanda ani) dzakashandisa abiotic uye biotic zvinhu zvakasikwa. Aimbova zvinosanganisira okunze, makemikari anoumba ivhu, mvura uye mhepo, nezvimwewo, uye kune wechipiri - .. Igaroziva dzimwe mhando upenyu panorumwe.

Vanhu chete dzemarudzi vagara dzimwe nzvimbo nzvimbo vanoiswa. masumbu avo vanonzi nevanhu. Community imwe mhando zvachose kubatana nevanhu vemamwe marudzi. It rinorondedzera nzvimbo yacho zvinhu zvipenyu, unonzi zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza niche.

Interspecific makwikwi, muenzaniso iyo ichakurukurwa munyaya, rinoitwa zvakananga nzvimbo pindana neeSultan pakubhadhara siyana munharaunda uye kungaita kuti kutsakatika kuchaita vemo mumwe wavo. Somuenzaniso, muna G. Gause kuedza masayendisiti Russian vakava nezvemarudzi maviri ciliates rimwe svikiro. Mumwe wavo akatanga vanoshingaira kuwanda uye kukura tichiregeredza mumwe. Somugumisiro, mumwe simba chimiro zvachose Kwakabvisa (yakatotsakatika) kwemazuva 20.

Chii mugumisiro pindana munzvimbo

Kana nyika mhando mbiri akasiyana dzinogarisana mune dzimwe nzvimbo biotope batanidza pakati vanhu inomuka simba kusiyana zvakakwana mune kwokunze mamiriro, nguva pakuyaruka uye kuberekesana. Vanodanwa zvaizopedza zvinhu.

On arikunze kwenzvimbo yaigarwa nevanhu zvinenge zvipenyu chimwe chete, vanhu avo vari unga pamwechete munharaunda, dzinomiririrwa vanhu imwe mhuka. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti yechipiri kana pakati vanhu riri kushanda hapana interspecific makwikwi. Example pamwe finches vakachengeta kunyange Charles Darwin vari Galapagos Islands munguva yake rwendo munyika pamusoro frigate "Beagle" - zvinosimbisa yakajeka.

Murairo kwikwidzana chokudzingwa

musayendisiti ichangobva kutaurwa G. Gause akagadzira mutemo inokosha kwezvakatipoteredza: kana trophic nezvimwe nevanhu rwezvinodikanwa mhando mbiri dzakasiyana zvakafanana, taxa aya aikwikwidzana. Izvi mberi anobvisa coexistence yavo chete dzinogarisana, sezvo rinowanika therebetween interspecies makwikwi. Muenzaniso unoratidza izvozvo - nayo Anoita uwandu knot, Rudd uye roach-nokudya zvakafanana dziva. Roach furaya vava kushingaira uye voracious, saka ivo zvinobudirira bvikinyidza vaduku knot uye Rudd.

Sympatric uye allopatric taxa

Ivo vakasimuka somugumisiro kwavanogara speciation. Funga zvipenyu inonzi allopatric. Kuti kutsanangura chokwadi chitarisiko chavo, shandisa mashoko ari zvemaumbirwo uye paleogeography. Specimens munharaunda dzakadaro makwikwi zvakasimba zvakakwana, sezvo zvinoda zvakafanana nezvokudya nezviwanikwa. Zvinonzi unhu ichi kunoratidzwa interspecific makwikwi.

Mienzaniso yemhuka pachena kuti nzvimbo speciation, - a American Beaver North uye mink. zana Several zviuru zvemakore akapfuura, Asia uye North America kwakanga kwakabatana nokuda chomunda.

On the yakaoma, inogarwa chizvarwa mhando nemakonzo. Kana paiva Bering Strait, kuti Euro-Asian uye American nevanhu emhuka idzi somugumisiro siyana vakaumba idzva rudzi, kukwikwidzana nomumwe. Kusiyana pakati vanhu venyika vakawanda vari chakaiswa somugumisiro misha unhu.

Zvinoita kuderedza interspecific makwikwi?

Kujekesa kamwe zvakare kuti vanhu ikoroji interspecific makwikwi - chiri ukama zvipenyu kungova nevanhu-siyana kwemarudzi uye rinoda zvakafanana zviwanikwa zvinodiwa zvokurarama nazvo zvavo. Izvi zvingava nzvimbo yadzinogara, chiedza, unyoro uye, chokwadi, zvokudya.

Under dzinongoitika ezvinhu, nharaunda dzakasiyana taxa kuti tiudzewo nyika nzvimbo uye zvokudya chawo anogona kudzibatsira makwikwi munzira dzakasiyana-siyana. Saka, ipfupi interspecific makwikwi? Muenzaniso - kupesana pakati kuwanda, iyo inotungamirira siyana zvokudya waterfowl - hove uye shag. Kunyange zvazvo vachigara pasi chete pfuma, asi vanhu vokuparidzira rokutanga kwemarudzi Tidzidze benthic invertebrates uye zvitarisiko hove, uye wechipiri - kutsvaka zvokudya yokumusoro mvura akaturikidzana.

For autotrophic zvinenge chiri dzinoratidzwa interspecific makwikwi. Mienzaniso miti, kutsigira zvigadziriswe kuratidzwa kurwira kuvapo - a herbaceous rudzi uye muti fomu. vanhu ava vane multilevel midzi kuti kunovimbisa kupatsanurwa zvevhu akaturikidzana, izvo zvinomera yekubata mvura uye zvicherwa. Plants vanoumba nemarara (Anemone Ranunculaceae, zvakarungwa, bearberry) vane Taproot kureba kubva millimeters kakawanda 10 masendimita, uye muti perennial mhando gymnosperms uye maruva miti - kubva 1,2 M kusvika 3.5 m.

chipingaidzo makwikwi

chimiro ichi kunoitika apo zvakasiyana mhando vanoshandisa chete kwezvakatipoteredza chinhu kana upfumi. Kakawanda ndizvo zvinonyatsorehwa zvokudya. Tupukanana, kufanana zvinomera nemhuka, uyewo kwakapararira interspecific makwikwi.

Mienzaniso uye Photos yetsvakurudzo tsanangudzo pazasi ichatsanangura P. Park kudzidza, akaita pasi mumarabhoritari ezvinhu. Masayendisiti vaishandisa nezvemarudzi maviri zvipembenene kuedza, kuva nemhuri Tenebrionidae - Muchnik (mealworms).

Vanhu zvipenyu izvi kupinda makwikwi zvokudya (furawa) uye vaiva zvikara (zvipembenene akadya imwe mhando).

Ezvokunambira kunze kwomuviri waamai kuedza vakanga kuchinja abiotic zvinhu: tembiricha uye mwando. Vakachinja mukana wokuti kutonga Nzanga imwe kana mumwe mhando. Kwapera nguva yakati ari hazvizivi ezvinhu (bhokisi pamwe furawa) kwakawanikwa specimens orudzi rumwe chete uye mumwe - anyangarika chose.

operative makwikwi

It chinovapo somugumisiro chinangwa hondo pakati zvipenyu zvemarudzi akasiyana-siyana pane abiotic zvinoita kuti vari minimum: zvokudya, ndima. Muenzaniso wakadaro rudzi zvipenyu mukukurukurirana - zvokudya shiri kuva akasiyana zvipenyu pamusoro chete pamuti, asi ayo tiers siyana.

Saka, interspecies makwikwi - zviri zvipenyu mhando kwakadaro nekuita pakati zvipenyu, iyo inosvitsa:

• unokosha kupatsanurwa nevanhu akasiyana kwemarudzi vasiri chienderane zvipenyu niches;
• nomutsa kudzingwa kumuduku epurasitiki biogeotsinoza;
• kune zvizere ellimanatsii vanhu vemo kukwikwidza taxon.

Ecological niche uye painogumira, kufanana interspecific makwikwi

zvidzidzo Ecological vakawana kuti biogeotsinozy ine dzakawanda zvipenyu niches vakawanda kwemarudzi kurarama mararamiro. The spatially pedyo zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza niche munharaunda taxa inokosha biotope, zviri achityisa kutamburira kwavo zvinhu nani kwezvakatipoteredza:

• ndima;
• chikafu chawo;
• apo vanogara.

Ndivo parameters huru nhatu chaiye zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza niche navanhu. It ichikutadzisa yakamisirwa kwadzinoita kuvapo kwevanhu, akadai parasitism, makwikwi, predation, dzinogarisana yairambidzwa rutapudzo zvokudya zvedu.

Environmental kumanikidzwa rutapudzo ari biotope riri sezvinotevera:

• layering mu zvakavhenganiswa dondo;
• siyana nzvimbo ine mazana uye vakuru. Saka, remukonikoni naiads vanorarama hwemvura zvinomera uye imago kugona mhepo zvakatipoteredza; muna May enhunzi mazana vanogara okumusoro akaturikidzana ivhu, uye tumbuyu mukuru vanogara pasi-mhepo nzvimbo.

Zvose izvi mananara zvaizobatsira chinhu chakadai interspecific makwikwi. Mienzaniso mhuka uye chirimwa akauya pamusoro kuzosimbisa ichi.

interspecific makwikwi zvabuda

We funga kutanga kwakapararira zvakasikwa, inozivikanwa se interspecific makwikwi. Mienzaniso - biology uye ikoroji (sezvo muchikamu wake) - kuuya nesu pamwe izvi mune zvakatipoteredza ane muviri kuva umambo notumwe uye zvinomera, uyewo mhuka umambo.

By migumisiro interspecific makwikwi chokuita coexistence uye kuzvitsinhanisa kwazvakaita uye zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza Kusiyanisa. Chokutanga Fani ruchatambanudzirwa munguva uye vakarondedzera marudzi ari mararamiro regai kuwedzera nhamba dzavo, sezvo pane imwe chinokonzera kubereka vemo. Yaitsiva howa, kwakavakirwa mitemo yemakwikwi chokudzingwa kukurusa chimiro dzvinyiriro yakawanda epurasitiki uye sertilnogo mhando kuti vanotozvikuvadza inotungamirira kurufu munhu - mumwe mukwikwidzi.

Environmental Kusiyanisa (siyana) zvinotungamirira paumbwe zvishoma kuchinja, zvikuru specialized marudzi. Vari yakagadzirirwa avo zvikamu zvachose chikuva, apo pane zvazvakanakira (achirifananidza siyana uye kubereka, kudya kunovaka).

In nedanho Kusiyanisa maviri kukwikwidza kwemarudzi kuderedza dzavo kuvabereki variability, uye muitiro zvikuru kuchinja Gene dziva. Izvi imhaka yokuti munharaunda idzi, pakudzikamisa chimiro rwokuzvarwa kusarudzwa uchava kutyaira anonetsa uye maonero ake.