Akatanga paNyika kare, kunyanya chidzoke uye zvinofadza zvinhu sei upenyu

Sei upenyu hwakatanga Panyika? Details vasingazivikanwi kuti vanhu, asi chinokosha chinosimbiswa. Pane nzira huru mbiri dzidziso uye vazhinji zviduku. Saka, maererano huru shanduro, iyo Organic zvinoriumba kwasvika Earth kubva muchadenga, panorumwe - zvose zvakaitika Earth. Heino mimwe zvikuru nevanhu muviri.

panspermia

sei Earth wedu? Biography yepasi kunoshamisa, uye vanhu vari kuedza kurigadzirisa nenzira dzakasiyana. Pane pfungwa kuti upenyu huripo zvose, kupararira Via meteoroids (miviri yokudenga, zvenguva dziri kukura pakati interplanetary guruva asteroids), asteroids nemapuraneti. Zvinofungirwa kuti pane upenyu siyana vanokwanisa withstanding airless nzvimbo (nemwaranzi, Vacuum, tembiricha yakaderera, etc ..). Dzinonzi extremophiles (kusanganisira utachiona uye zvigare).

Ivo kuwira ngwanda uye guruva kuti vari chaibwinya muchadenga mushure kudhumhana Mapuraneti, saka kuponesa, upenyu pashure pokufa duku renzou miviri. Mabhakitiriya anogona kufamba zororo kwenguva refu nguva kusvikira rinotevera netsaona kudhumhana nemamwe mapuraneti.

Vanogona kuva hwakakanyiwa protoplanetary dhisiki (rizere gasi gore akapoteredza muduku nyika). Kana nzvimbo itsva "kuramba, asi hope varwi" vanowira mumwaka ezvinhu, vanova vanoshingaira. Muitiro yemhindumupindu. Nhoroondo youpenyu Panyika kugadzirisa tichibatsirwa Yatanga Kuongorora. Data kubva zviridzwa, kuenda mukati comets dzinoratidza: kakawanda akasimbisa rinofanira kuti isu tose tiri "mutorwa shoma" sezvo paucheche upenyu - nzvimbo.

biopoeza

Heino imwe maonero sei upenyu hwakatanga. On Earth, pane zvipenyu kana zvisina upenyu. Vamwe sainzi Kwazisai abiogenesis (biopoesis), achitsanangura kuti panguva dzinongoitika kusanduka yomuzvarirwo upenyu yakabuda inorganic nyaya. Most amino acids (uyewo vachinzi Nzira Dzinovaka zvose zvipenyu) inogona kuumbwa kushandisa zvepanyama nemakemikari chokuita noupenyu.

kuedza Izvi zvinosimbisa Mukanova-Urey. Muna 1953, musayendisiti vakapfuura magetsi kuburikidza musanganiswa magasi uye akagashira amino acids vanoverengeka murabhoritari, simulating zvinhu chepakuvamba Earth. All zvipenyu tinoshandurirwa amino acids kupinda mapuroteni pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu vachengeti majini kuyeuka nucleic acids.

Recent biochemically synthesized vakazvimirira, uye mapuroteni mhanyisa (catalyze) muitiro. Ndoupi wokutanga Organic mamorekuru? Uye kuti nevanhukadzi? Abiogenesis ari mubishi kupindura kutsvaka.

cosmogonic kuitikawo

Ndiyo dzidziso matangiro upenyu mune muchadenga. Mugore dzakananga akapoteredza nzvimbo sayenzi nezvenyeredzi, rinoreva dzidziso yokusika (uye kudzidza) ari renzou. Kuedza kuti giravhiti zvoga cosmogony haamiri kusvika kuongororwa. Chekutanga, aripo dzidziso yesayenzi havagoni kutsanangura chinhu chikuru; sei zvose pachayo?

Chechipiri, hapana muenzaniso panyama kutsanangura tanga nguva zvakasikwa. In dzidziso iyi hapana yokuti quantum regiravhiti. Kunyange zvazvo tambo theorists (tambo dzidziso inoti kuti zvokutanga nezvimedu ndiwo mugumisiro zvakasiyana uye aiita une hungiso quantum), rinoongorora kwakatangira uye zvakazokonzerwa Big Bang (loop quantum cosmology), havabvumirani. Vanodavira kuti vane nzira, vachibvumira kutsanangura muenzaniso sezvo chikamu munda equations.

Achibatsirwa vanhu cosmogonic hypotheses anotsanangura kufanana rwokufamba Zvinoumba mitumbi yokudenga. Long asati kwakanga upenyu Panyika, nyaya inozadza nzvimbo dzose, uye ipapo vakashanduka.

endosymbiont

Endosymbiotic shanduro yakatanga akagadzira pedyo Russian nyanzvi Konstantin Merezhkovsky muna 1905. Aidavira kuti zvimwe organelles yakatanga sezvo vakasununguka-zvipenyu utachiona uye vakaendeswa mumwe sero sezvo endosymbionts. Mitochondria yakatanga kubva proteobacteria (zvikurukuru, Rickettsiales kana pedyo nehama) kuti cyanobacteria uye chloroplasts.

Izvi zvinoratidza kuti vakawanda siyana mabhakitiriya vakapinda symbiosis nokuumbwa eukaryotic masero (eukaryotes - masero zvipenyu ane tsanga). Horizontal kuchinjwa magene zvinhu pakati bacteria vanobatsirawo symbiotic ukama.

The kwaita kusiyana upenyu, zvichida pashure wokupedzisira kuzitateguru (kuu) kuti zvinenge ano.

vaingoerekana chizvarwa

Kusvikira mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi19, vanhu vanowanzofunga kuramba "Ndakashamiswa" se tsanangudzo sei upenyu hwakatanga panyika. Zvisingatarisirwi kwatangwa zvimwe zvipenyu zvaiita vakauya kubva nonliving nyaya. Asi vakatenda kuvapo heterogenesis (kuchinja nzira kubereka), apo mumwe upenyu siyana zvinobva mumwe rudzi (semuenzaniso, nyuchi kubva nemaruva). The klassiske Pfungwa vaingoerekana chizvarwa ndeinotevera: vamwe kunzwisisa zvipenyu akazviratidza nokuda manyowa pane makemikari zvinhu.

Maererano Aristotle, zvakanga zviri nyore runoonekwa chokwadi kuti inda dzemuriwo muka kubva dova unowira pamusoro zvinomera; nhunzi - kubva raparadzwa zvokudya, negonzo - kubva tsvina Hay, makarwe - kubva kuorera mazviri matanda nechepasi kwemiviri dzemvura, uye zvichingodaro. Dzidziso vaingoerekana chizvarwa (akapikisa chiKristu) muchivande hwaivapo kwerinopfuura zana remakore.

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti dzidziso pakupedzisira disproved nokuongorora ari XIX remakore Lui Pastera. Scientist kudzidza kwakabva upenyu, akadzidza kwaita utachiona, kukwanisa kurwisa zvirwere. Zvisinei, uchapupu Pasteur vakanga vasisiri nharo, asi kuomerera zvesayenzi.

Dzidziso nevhu uye inowirirana zvisikwa

The chidzoke upenyu pahwaro ivhu? Zvinogoneka ichi? WokuScotland kemisiti anonzi AJ. Cairns-Smith paUniversity of Glasgow muna 1985, ndiye munyori ane dzidziso yakadaro. Kuvimba zvakafanana zvekungofungira mamwe masayendisiti, zvinonzi vakati kuti makemikari nezvimedu vanobatwa pakati akaturikidzana zvevhu uye kuwadzana navo vakatora pamusoro nzira kuchengeta ruzivo uye kukura. Saka, musayendisiti vaiona "ivhu Gene" chikuru. Pakutanga, chicherwa uye nascent upenyu iripo pamwe chete, uye pane imwe nguva, "akatiza".

Pfungwa kuparadzwa (nyonganyonga) munyika zvichiitika munyika rwakagadzirira nzira yokuti catastrophism somumwe nzira vanhu dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka. Vanotsigira Its vanodavira kuti Nyika kare hwakakanganiswa kamwe, pfupi, zviitiko zvechisimba uye chipo ndiyo kiyi kare. Mumwe nomumwe dambudziko anoparadza huripo upenyu. Tevera zvakasikwa chakamuka zvayo nechekare rakasiyana yapfuura mumwe.

The zvinhu dzidziso

Uye pano chimwe shanduro sei upenyu hwakatanga panyika. Its enderera materialists. Vanodavira kuti upenyu yakabuda somugumisiro unoratidzwa nenguva uye inosvika zvishoma nezvishoma namakemikari transformations kuti, muna mukana zvose, kwakanga vanenge mabhiriyoni 3.8 apfuura. budiriro iyi inonzi samolecular, zvinokanganisawo nzvimbo deoxyribonucleic uye ribonucleic acids uye mapuroteni (mapurotini).

Kana nedzidziso yesayenzi yakabuda muna 1960, apo yaiitisa rinoita tsvakurudzo chokuita samolecular uye shanduka zvipenyu, vanogara genetics. Masayendisiti ipapo vakaedza kunzwisisa uye kusimbisa achangobva kupfuura pamusoro nucleic acids nemapurotini.

Mumwe kiyi misoro kwakamutsa kukura munda uyu zivo, aiva Kushanduka enzayemu basa, kushandiswa nucleic iine acid siyana se "samolecular wachi." Kuburitsa vakabatsira kunzwisisa kusiyana uku kunoita (branching) zvipenyu nani.

Organic mavambo

About sei upenyu akasimuka paNyika, vatsigiri dzidziso iyi vanoti seizvi. Education siyana vakatanga yakareba - anopfuura mabhiriyoni 3,5 akapfuura (nhamba anomirira nguva umo upenyu iripo). Zvichida wokutanga waiva kunonoka uye zvishoma nezvishoma tishandurwe, uye akabva atanga akurumidze (mukati zvakasikwa) padariro kuvandudzika, kuchinja kubva kunofambira mberi ezvinhu kune imwe pasi pokudzora ano ezvinhu.

Shanduka, rinozivikanwa utachiona kana makemikari, - muitiro kuchinja pamusoro nguva mumwe kana kupfuura unhu nhaka kuwanikwa nevanhu ezvinhu zvipenyu. Heritable Maitiro - chaiyo maitiro, kusanganisira anatomical, nemakemikari uye zvounhu, izvo chinopfuudzwa chizvarwa mumwe.

Evolution kwakaita kuti kusiyana uye Comprehensive kukura zvose zvipenyu (diversification). nyika yedu mavara naCharles Darwin anorondedzerwa se "kusingaperi siyana chakanakisisa uye kupfuura zvinoshamisa." Pfungwa iri kuti mavambo upenyu - nyaya pasina mavambo kana magumo.

chinokosha kusikwa

Maererano nepfungwa iyi, marudzi ose oupenyu kuti ariko nhasi Panyika, akasikwa naMwari. Adhamu naEvha - murume nomukadzi vokutanga Wamasimbaose. Upenyu Panyika akatanga navo - tenda vaKristu, vaMuslim uye vaJudha. zvitendero zvitatu vanobvuma nezvokuti Mwari akasika zvinhu zvose mumazuva manomwe, achiita zuva rechitanhatu, mugumo basa; kubva muguruva Adhamu naEvha kubva rumbabvu rwake.

Pazuva rechinomwe Mwari akazorora. Akabva akafemera vanhu upenyu uye akatuma kutarisira munda rainzi Edheni. Nepakati akakura semuti Life uye Muti wokuziva zvakanaka. Mwari akabvumira kuti mudye zvibereko zvose miti mumunda kunze muti wokuziva ( "Nokuti nezuva iro waunoudya, uchafa").

Asi vanhu havana kuteerera. Korani rinoti kuedza Apuro Adam akapa. Mwari vakaregerera vatadzi uye akatuma pasi sevamiririri dzavo vaviri. Asi ... Where kwakanga upenyu Panyika? Sezvaunogona kuona, hapana mhinduro chete. Kunyange zvazvo vasayendisiti ano vari kuramba tichingoda Pfungwa isingabatanidzi zvinhu zvipenyu (inorganic) dzidziso kwakabva zvose zvipenyu zvose.