American Indian-mohawk. History uye tsika worudzi

Iroquois - vanhu vanogara nechepakati kumatunhu muUnited States uye Canada. boka iri dzinza ndiyo inozivikanwa kwete chete nokuda kwayo kujairika chitarisiko, asi wavawo nhoroondo anonakidza uye tsika. Nhasi isu iwe kubayira zvinonakidza rwendo kupinda zvakadzamisisa zvikamu ari Lakes Great , uye kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pokurarama chizvarwa American Indian Mohawk.

Chii League of Iroquois?

Anofungidzirwa muna 1570 kwakanga sungano pakati Iroquois yainzi League pakati Haudenosaunee. Pakutanga, dzidzo ichi vaisanganisira marudzi shanu: asi Oneida, Mohawk, Cayuga, Onondaga uye Seneca. Gare gare, muna 1770, kuti vabatane League pakati Haudenosaunee rudzi Tuscarora adzingwa kumaodzanyemba dziri United States (zvino Eastern Carolina).

Nokuda pedyo madzinza, tsika uye kushamwaridzana nevamwe mapoka aya ose, uye kwaiva Iroquois maIndia. tsananguro kwemadzinza hazvigoni pasina zvinoitwa marudzi kuti akabatana Haudenosaunee League akaita. Saka, tinotarisa mumwe padzinza zvakawanda.

Oneida Tribe

Oneida - kurudzi Iroquois League. Pakutanga, vana vake vaigara kuchamhembe kweNew York, uye ipapo akagadzirisa nyika kuchamhembe Wisconsin (pedyo Green Bay). "Man of ibwe yakatarwa" - saka vanozviti akauya nechimwe kubva Oneida Indian rudzi, kuti Iroquois. Nhoroondo zita kwakabatana yomunharaunda tsika. Maererano nengano, pakati chikuru musha Oneida nguva dzose akaisa guru dzvuku dombo. ibwe iri akava chiratidzo chinokosha wedzinza.

Mohawk Tribe

Mohawk (Mohawk kana) - North American Indian rudzi mhenyu okumabvazuva mudunhu New York State. The Haudenosaunee League boka iri rinonzi "vachengeti okumabvazuva pamukova." Nhasi magavki - ichi ndiyo dzakawanda rudzi muna Iroquois mubatanidzwa. Zvino vanogara mumaruwa Ontario uye Quebec (Canada).

The nevanhu yokutanga pamwe vokuEurope Mohawk rudzi kwakaitika muna 1634, apo akabuda ari American muvhu Dutch. Mohawk Iroquois pamberi vamwe vakatanga kutengeserana vokuEurope.

Kubva Mohawk rudzi zvakadai unhu akakurumbira sezvo Dzhozef Brant (mukuru muBritish Army, akazvisiyanisa panguva American Revolutionary War), Kateri Tekakwitha (Holy Roman Catholic Church) uye Nyikadzino Dzhonson (akakurumbira Canadian mutambi uye munyori).

Cayuga Tribe

Cayuga rudzi pakutanga vaigara munzvimbo Cayuga Lake pakati vanhu Seneca uye Onondaga. Nhasi zvizvarwa zvavo vanogara mupurovhinzi Ontario (Canada) uye Perrysburg (New York, USA).

Chizvarwa Cayuga rudzi ndiko Harry Murimi - ". Man Dead" akakurumbira Canadian mutambi, uyo akava kuonga yakakurumbira firimu "Police Academy" uye

Onondaga rudzi

Vamiririri North American dzedzinza Onondaga vanozvidza "vanhu kumakomo." Pakutanga, vanhu akabata nharaunda yaiva kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero State of New York. Asi pashure Hondo Independence kuUnited States rudzi vakadzingwa idzi uye ndakabatikana zvikamu Ontario (Canada).

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti League kubva Onondaga Haudenosaunee rudzi akashanda se "hama guru", kureva. E. Inoitwa kutungamirira zvepamusoro muSoviet Union.

Seneca Tribe

Zvizvarwa zvomunyika Seneca rudzi vanozviti "vanhu gomo". Zvino vanhu ava mupenyu pamhenderekedzo Seneca Lake, iri kumaodzanyemba Ontario uye Genesee River muNew York. Pakutanga, Seneca ane nzvimbo nharaunda yakakura kubva New York kuenda Pennsylvania.

Kubva munhoroondo yerudzi

Sezvo XI remakore Iroquois achiitei mundima huru pakati rwizi St. Lawrence River uye Lake Ontario. Nokuti vaigara ezvinhu algonkinoyazychnyh madzinza nguva refu (Ojibwa, nemigumisiro, Algonquins) uye dzakarwiwa kugara hondo nyika yavo.

The dzepedyo vokukurukura League of Iroquois vakaramba pamwe Dutch. vatengesi vokuEurope vaitenga kubva kumarudzi omunharaunda Beaver matehwe uye pachinzvimbo ndakavapa nepfuti. Kamwe ose beavers munharaunda pakati rwizi St. Lawrence River uye Lake Ontario Ndapera yeDutch yaisunda Iroquois kunombata nyika itsva. Izvi zvakaita kuti pakutanga rainzi Beaver Wars. Muna 1660, kuti Iroquois akatanga zvisakanganise New France. Guru akatsigira misha yaro, saka kuti madzinza North America vakatanga kutambura kukundwa. Zvichakadai, British mauto vakatora Dutch muhutongi New Netherland, anavaveuri Iroquois chezvinhu zvinokosha zvokutengeserana vakaroorana.

Muna 1688, hondo yakatanga pamusoro Chirungu nhaka pakati France neBritain. Mukurwisana ichi, kuti Iroquois vaiva kudivi yeBritain. Uyezve, marudzi North America kuvatsigira mune French uye Indian War. Kurwisana maviri Ava zvachose pakuenzanisa simba pamusoro kondinendi. The Iroquois vava zvachose novimba nerubatsiro maoko kubva kuEngland.

The Iroquois muna American Revolutionary War

Muna 1775 akatanga American Revolutionary War. Mukurwisana ichi, wakapindwa, kune rumwe rutivi, United Kingdom uye Zvinokatyamadza ndezvokuti vanotsigira (kureva vakavimbika kune hurumende yeBritain ..), uye kune rumwe - 13 British dzaitongwa. Vazhinji maIndia munguva yehondo waitsigira nekwaakarerekera. Great Haudenosaunee League Council uyewo pakutanga vairamba vasina kwavakarerekera. Zvisinei, muna 1777, ari Iroquois vaiva kudivi Great Britain. Chikuru Chikonzero ichi chaiva kuti England yaiva huru maoko nokutengesa kumadzinza North America. Mukuwedzera, yaitonga hurumende akarambidza zvemo dzavo kutora nharaunda kumadokero Mountains Appalachian kunzvenga zvinopesana maIndia.

Pashure pehondo, United Kingdom akapa nyika Iroquois pasi US kuzvidzora. Panguva iyi mukuru Haudenosaunee League havasisipo. Chikamu Iroquois akatamira kuchamhembe - munyika makapiwa korona yeBritain rutsigiro yaro hondo. Mamwe madzinza hafu Haudenosaunee League akaramba munharaunda New York.

Economy uye noupenyu American Iroquois

Saka, sei akararama uye akatungamirira upenyu nyore Indian-mohawk? Zvinoumba tsika marudzi North America aigara Great Lakes, yakaumbwa pasi pokudzora zvimwewo zvinoitika. Nharaunda yaigarwa Iroquois, vaitova pamusoro crests dzamakomo. Idzi akafukidzwa nemasango gobvu uye takakombwa nzizi madhamu. Mamiriro ekunze zvakakonzera Kunyanya kwemauto emadzinza North America.

The Iroquois aigara guru dzakakura mudzimba - ovachirah. Vakanga yakavakwa ine rectangular chimiro aine dhiramu pedzimba.

Huru chirimwa yaiva chibage madzinza. nemuminda yezviyo kugara munzvimbo huru (kusvika 9 km mu nharaunda). Uyewo, Iroquois kurimwa bhinzi uye nhanga.

Kubvira muzana remakore rechi18 zviri kushingaira kutanga zvechiuto uye mbava kutengeserana. Izvi zvakanga zvakafanira kuti kuvhara vokukurukura uye kutengeserana colonists. madzinza North America vakakwanisa kusvitsa vokuEurope Beaver pelts, izvo zvaishandiswa pakugadzira mbava neheti. Agricultural basa, somunhu mutemo, vaiita chete vakadzi.

Enyika upenyu Iroquois

In upenyu enyika pakati pamarudzi North America achiitei hukuru nzvimbo Haudenosaunee League. Nhengo dzayo vaifanira kuchengetedza runyararo pakati pavo. Yakanangepi League Council of Chiefs, zvinosanganisira 50 sachems. Nhengo dzayo vanosarudzwa nokuda vanamai asununguke. Council Regulation akakurukura yoga nerimwe dzinza, uye ipapo kuita rakapa chisarudzo. mutungamiri mumwe aigona kurambidza chero mutongo. Mutongo Council rokutanga vakakurukura Mohawks, ipapo - Seneca uye Oneida, uye ichangobva - Cayuga uye Onondaga.

All mitemo uye tsika marudzi Haudenosaunee League zvakanyorwa mu "muBhuku roMurayiro Great." Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti US Constitution akanga modeled pamusoro gwaro iri.

The Social maumbirwo madzinza North America

The chikuru chairema veruzhinji Iroquois mudziyo aberekwa, iyo inotungamirirwa mukadzi. Nhengo dzayo vane seboka zvarinoroora nyika uye yekurima. Mumwe nemhuri akaberekera imwe zita mhuri. Kazhinji, yakanga chokuita nezita mhuka. Ose vakadzi vakanga vachishingaira mumabasa kukurukura bhodhi. Pamisangano dzayo kusarudzwa sachems - Chiefs Council.

The sezvamunoita zvingasanganisira marudzi kubvira 10 kusvika 3 genera. Saka, panguva Seneca, Onondaga uye Cayuga paiva 8, ukuwo Mohawk uye Oneida - 3.

Kutarisika Iroquois

Typical American Indian-Mohawk, mapikicha iyo chinopiwa pazasi, zvinopesana noruzhinji nhasi, haana bvudzi "Mohawk". Men nevatungamiriri dzedzinza, sezvinoita mutemo, zvachose akaveura bvudzi. Pane chete akaramba chiduku "kuti romusoro zvechizarira".

Ngwizhingwi maonero Iroquois vakatora chete panguva rutsigiro rwemauto uye kumitambo Zvitendero. Hairstyles kuti chete zvishoma akafanana nevakawanda nhasi kuisa mauto vaipfeka Onondaga rudzi. Vari akaveura chose bvudzi, kusiya chete chiduku ubvise pamwe nechepakati musoro, iyo zvino vakaruka kuva ruka.

dzechitendero

Pakutanga, nheyo chitendero chaiva Iroquois totemism - kutotenda inoshamisa mhuka. Mhuka vakashanda sezvo eponyms genus Protection Unoshanda muhondo, sevasingafungi kurima uye kuvhima. Somuenzaniso, Mohawk, kuenda kuhondo, akatakura navo maoko pamwe huru mufananidzo totem rudzi.

Zvitendero izvi zvikuru ichangobva akawana dzokutengesa kukosha. The Iroquois vaidavira kuti rudzi unofanira kunovhima kwavo totem mhuka. Maererano neizvi dzakakurumbira chaizvo pakati maIndia North America vaishandisa kunamatwa dzebheya.

Uyezve, mune upenyu Iroquois kukosha kwechitendero vakatodzidza zvokurima ezvitendero. Madzinza vakanamata vairemekedza nyika daruyuschuyu simba. Kunyanya dzakakurumbira aiva kunamatwa "nhatu nehanzvadzi vanamukoti" - huru zvirimwa (chibage, bhinzi uye Squash).

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti Iroquois mamwe madzinza North America asati aipesana nedzidziso yechiKristu. pakupedzisira European chitendero vakava chinokosha hwavo. Iye zvino, Iroquois uri muKristu.

Unyanzvi hondo Iroquois

Pashure paumbwe League pakati Haudenosaunee simba rehondo madzinza kare zvakasiyana kwazvo. Asati European kuonana Iroquois maoko yaiva uta nemiseve, namapfumo netsvimbo. Mukuwedzera, vakashandisa nhovo yemapuranga kuti kudzivirira pamuviri, musoro uye makumbo Murwi. Tanga vakabatikana kutengeserana yeDutch kwakaita kuti kuchinja muchiuto upenyu marudzi North America.

VokuEurope achipa pavo pfuti uye nemapanga. Zvisinei, nezveizvi vasiri pakarepo chakatsiva yaizivikanwa Iroquois kuzvidzivirira (uta uye museve). Pakatanga nepfuti zvakazoita kuti kuramba pamapuranga. Kubvira ipapo Iroquois akatangawo kushandisa nzira itsva hondo - achiparadzira unyanzvi muhondo.

The Iroquois vakanga zvakawanda vaenda kushandisa zvombo zvinogadzirwa zvitsva pane mamwe madzinza North America. Izvi vakabatsira zvikuru pedyo kutengeserana nevanhu vokuEurope.