Amphibians - a ... Zviratidzo amphibians. Respiratoria hurongwa amphibians

Vanenge tose tifunge kuti tinogona kupa chero tsanangudzo yokuti purogiramu chikoro nzwisisika pasina zvinetso. Somuenzaniso, kuti amphibians - a datya, nenjiva, makarwe uye zvakadai kasvisto. Hungu, ichokwadi. Zita vamwe vamiririri tinokwanisa, asi chii pamusoro tsananguro zvainyanya kana mararamiro? Sezvineiwo naivowo akataura mune kirasi unokosha? Ndechipi chikonzero? Uye chii muenzaniso? Asi izvi, uchabvuma, zvakawanda kuoma.

achatidzidzisa chii ivo anoshamisika?

Kunenge kuti kufema hurongwa rakasiyana amphibians akafanana womukati mudziyo Somuenzaniso, mhuka kana nezvinokambaira. Asi chii? Pane kufanana pakati pedu navo? Mibvunzo yose iyi tinoedza kupindura munyaya ino. Zvisinei, zvinokosha kuteerera chokwadi kuti muitiro kudzidza zvinhu muverengi kwete chete kuti vadzidze chii zvakafanana mumwe zvinokambaira (nenjiva uye makarwe kwaari, nenzira, haushandi), asiwo tinyatsoziva vanonakidza zvikuru chokwadi chokuita date mhuka. Tine vouch kuti pamusoro chinhu hamuna kunyange asina kumbofungidzira. Sei? The ndechokuti chikamu chikoro bhuku hapasi kupa zvose zvakafanira kuwanda ruzivo.

General ruzivo pamusoro kirasi

Kirasi Amphibia (amphibians kana) ndiyo chinyakare vertebrate madzitateguru izvo zvinopfuura 360 Ma achinja ezvinhu uye kubva mvura panyika. zita anoshandura se "kurarama upenyu huviri" mumutauro wechiGiriki chekare.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti amphibians - a ine utsinye zvisikwa pamwe nevasina muviri tembiricha, iyo zvinoenderana ezvinhu kwokunze zvakatipoteredza.

Mumwedzi anodziya mwedzi yegore, avanotarisira kuva vanoshingaira, asi panguva kutanga kuchitonhora dzinorara kwenguva refu. Pane amphibians (matatya, newts, salamanders) mumvura, asi chikuru ivepo, akatakurwa ari munyika. Nyaya iyi inogona kunzi rinenge inokosha upenyu mhando zvipenyu.

mhando amphibians

Kazhinji, kirasi iyi mhuka anosanganisira zvinopfuura 3000 mhando amphibians, inomiririrwa mapoka matatu:

• Tailed (Newt);
• tailless (datya);
• legless (caecilians).

Amphibians akazviratidza unozvidzora uye dzinopisa mumamirire ekunze. Zvisinei, uye ichi ndicho nekwavanogara kusvikira nhasi.

Zvikurukuru, vose vaduku uye vane kureba hapana zvinopfuura chimwe mita. Kusara ndiye hofori salamander (huru zviri amphibians pairi sokunge azora), anogara kuJapan kusvika kureba kusvika matanhatu mamita.

Hwake amphibians vanopedza oga. Masayendisiti akawana kuti izvi hazvina kuitika somugumisiro shanduka. The amphibians vokutanga vaiva chete mararamiro chaizvo.

Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, zvavari zvakakwana camouflaged, kuchinja ruvara rwayo. Panzira, vanhu vanoziva kuti vadzivirirwe pazvikara ariwo uturu secreted nokuda dzinokosha mumasero dzematehwe. Zvichida, chikamu ichi chete nhaka zvinokambaira, amphibians, uye arthropods. Mhuka yakadaro kutaridza yakasiyana zvinhu asina kuwanikwa zvakasikwa. Kutaura zvazviri, kunyange zvakaoma, zvakadai avanoziva kwatiri katsi zvose vaigona kuchinja yavo muviri tembiricha, zvichienderana nokuchinja zvakatipoteredza kana kusunungura muchetura mukudzivirira imbwa yakarwisa naye.

Zvikurukuru ganda

amphibians All vane kumeso mutete ganda chifukidzo, mupfumi ganda mumasero kuti secrete madzihwa zvinodiwa gasi exchange.

Secrete madzihwa uyewo kunotadzisa ganda kubva kupwa panze uye ringave riine hunokachidza fuma kana chiratidzo. Stratified Epiderme e zhinji nepokuongorora richikurukura capillaries. Most dzenyoka mhando kunogona kutora mavara akajeka, iyo anoshumira sechokudzivirira uye yambiro nezvikara.

Mamwe mapoka amphibian tailless pamusoro chapamusoro pamusoro Epiderme e padzinosangana dzidzo horny. Zvinonzi kunyanya yakatanga toads, umo kupfuura hafu ganda pose nokufukidzwa stratum corneum. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti simba actinic butiro hachidzivisi kupinda mvura kuburikidza ganda. Saka akaronga kufema amphibians kuti chete anogona kufema pasi pemvura ganda.

In pano mhando keratinized ganda zvingaite pamusoro maoko nemakumbo nenzara. In tailless amphibians ose subcutaneous nzvimbo yaigara nhengo dzinobudisa lacunae - mhango apo akaunganidza mvura yaivakwanira. Uye chete mune nzvimbo shoma connective zvinyama ganda zvakabatana tsandanyama amphibians.

Lifestyle amphibians

Amphibians, mapikicha iyo inogona kuwanikwa ose mabhuku zvemhuka, vanosangana mumatanho wandei budiriro: kuberekwa nemvura uye kuva akafanana nehove somugumisiro kutendeuka vakatodzidza pulmonary afemeruke uye mano vanogara panyika.

budiriro iyi haina kuwanikwa dzimwe vertebrates, asi kwakazara mumamiriro invertebrates.

Anogara ane zvenguva nzvimbo pakati hwemvura uye yenyika vertebrates. Live amphibians (hove munzvimbo iyi sokuti kuva akakodzera vamiririri fauna of) mumativi ose enyika apo pane mvura, Freshwater, kunze nyika inotonhora. Vazhinji vavo vanopedza hafu hwavo mumvura. Mune dzimwe vakuru vanogara panyika, asi munzvimbo dzakakwirira mwando pedo nemvura.

Munguva nokusanaya kwemvura amphibians (shiri kuti shanje zvakakurumbira yakadaro), dzinorara kwenguva refu, akavigwa mumadhaka, uye kutonhora zviri unozvidzora dzinodengenyeka vakafumura kuhwanda.

The kupfuura zvakanaka nzvimbo dziri dzinopisa pamwe anofukidza. Wavaduku amphibians zvose vanosarudza dzisinganayi makona zvakasikwa (Central Asia, Australia uye zvichingodaro. D.).

Hazvina mvura-zvakohwewa vanogara, achisarudza kazhinji usiku. Kupedza zuva ari yokuvanda kana mune kutotsimwaira. Akadanidzira zvipenyu zviri chinofamba panyika akafanana zvinokambaira, uye tailless - mune pfupi mazambiringa.

Amphibians - imhuka kuti kazhinji vanogona kukwira miti. Kusiyana zvinokambaira, amphibians, vanhurume vakura vari vociferous chaizvo, ivo soundless achiri muduku.

Power kakawanda anoenderana nezera uye padanho kukura. The mazana chikafu pamusoro chirimwa uye mhuka Utachiona. Pavanenge vachikura pane kudiwa mhenyu chikafu. Ndiwo zvikara chaiyo, tichiverenga honye, zvipembenene vertebrates diki. Panguva kupisa dzavo kudya kunowedzera. Vagari dzinopisa zvikuru voracious kupfuura hama dzavo kubva munyika unozvidzora mumamirire ekunze.

Pakutanga oupenyu amphibians, mapikicha iyo shongedza atlases, zvakajeka achiratidza shanduka okukura kwevanhu, kukura nokukurumidza, asi nokufamba kwenguva kukura kwavo DZEMUNHU DZINODZORA kuti zvinokambaira. The kukura matatya kunosvika makore 10, kunyange zvazvo kukura zvasvika kare makore 4-5. Mune dzimwe mhando, kukura rinomira makore chete 30.

Kazhinji, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti amphibians - iri mhuka akaomarara chaizvo, akakwanisa kutsungirira nzara kupfuura nezvinokambaira. Somuenzaniso, ari buruuru, vakasimwa nyorova nzvimbo, ungava pasina chikafu kwemakore maviri. Respiratoria maitiro amphibians apo kuramba kuva woshanda zvizere.

Uyewo amphibians vakarasikirwa kukwanisa panoda nhengo dzomuviri. Zvisinei, muna zvikuru amphibians ehupfumi yakadaro zvishoma raidudzwa kana vasipo.

Kufanana zvinokambaira, amphibians tiri nokukurumidza kuporesa maronda. Special simba wakasiyana akadanidzira marudzi. Kana salamander kana newt Ndinoda mumvura, ivo vanowira vadhakwa uye ave haungatani kuputsika. Panongotanga aizi inonyunguduka, mhuka dziri vakadzokera zvakare kuupenyu. Zvinofanira kubviswa mvura newt, iye pakarepo akadzokera uye hapana zviratidzo upenyu. Zviise shure - uye newt pakarepo vapenyu.

Chimiro uye mapfupa mamiriro akafanana hove. Uropi ine hemispheres vaviri, cerebellum uye midbrain, uye ane nyore marongerwo. The musana zvinonyanya dzakabudirira kupfuura musoro. Amphibians ndiwo chete meno kunombata uye kuchengeta nezvavakatapa, asi kwete akakodzera kwaari kutsenga. Zvikuru upenyu amphibians vane kufema uye kweropa nehurongwa. Ivo, kufanana goroondo, ropa chando.

In chitarisiko uye mararamiro zvinokambaira (nenjiva, yeuka, haushandi kwavari, kunyange dzimwe nguva kutungamirira yakafanana mararamiro) vanokamurwa muzvikwata zvitatu: tailless, akadanidzira uye legless. Vamiririri zvinosanganisira tailless matatya, izvo vakapararira munyika yose apo pane mwando zvakakwana uye zvokudya. Namatafi vanoda kugara pamhenderekedzo uye patinodziya mushana, patinoravira zuva. Kana ngozi chero kumhanyirira mvura uye burrow kupinda yl.

Vamiriri rakakura zvakadaro boka remhuka, sezvo boka Amphibians, kushambira zvakanaka. With rava kusvika kuchitonhora amphibians dzinorara kwenguva refu. Zviri kukonzera kuitika inodziya mwedzi. The Kugadzirwa mazai uye tadpoles ndiko kutsanya. Zvokudya zvavo chikuru ndiko miriwo uye mhuka zvokudya.

Akadanidzira amphibians vakaita madzvinyu. Rarama kana pedyo reservoirs nemvura. Vane kuzvirotera mundovanda masikati munzvimbo dzinochengeterwa. Kusiyana madzvinyu panyika vane zveufende uye anononoka, asi mvura zvatinogadzira hazvigoni kunyatsotevedzera zvinoita chaizvo. Vakaguta hove duku, mollusks, zvipembenene nedzimwe mhuka duku. In ichi mhando zvinosanganisira salamanders, newts, Proteus, hofori salamander uye zvichingodaro. D.

By yokuzviparadzanisa legless amphibians vari caecilians, vane kufanana nyoka uye legless dzvinyu. Zvisinei, nokuti kukura uye munyika marongerwo ivo akafanana salamanders uye Proteus. Caecilians kurarama munyika dzinopisa (kunze Madagascar uye Australia). Vanorarama pevhu, burrowing. Kutungamirira chete mararamiro sezvo earthworms kuti kunobvumirwa kudya kwavo. Vamwe caecilians kuunza viviparous vana. Other mazai pasi muvhu pedyo nemvura kana mumvura.

zvakanakira amphibians

Amphibians ndivo vokutanga uye kupfuura chinyakare vagari pano, chatinokoshesa iri Kushanduka pano vertebrates, inova muduku kunzwisisa.

Somuenzaniso, basa shiri uye mhuka muupenyu hwevanhu refu chakazozikamwa. Panyaya iyi, amphibians vari kure shure. Zvisinei, vari zvakare zvikuru nevanhu zvoupfumi basa. Sezvo chikazozikamwa, munyika makumbo matatya 'vazhinji zvinonaka uye achidiwa pashure. For zvinangwa izvi muEurope uye North America vanenge mamiriyoni zana matatya anogadzirwa gore negore. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti amphibians vane ezvoupfumi kukosha.

The vakuru unogutiswa mhuka zvokudya. Kudya zvipembenene zvipukanana mu, mapindu neminda uye minda, ivo kubatsirwa nevanhu. Pakati tumbuyu, molluscs nehonye pane vatakuri ngozi-siyana zvirwere.

It anonzi zvishoma zvinobatsira amphibians kuti unogutiswa hwemvura zvinenge. The anosiyiwa vari Triton. Kunyange zvazvo hwaro zvokudya zvavo chinosanganisira hwemvura zvipenyu, ivo zvokudya pamusoro umhutu mazana (mu Vol. H. Of marariya) kuti dzinoberekera madziva ane ushamwari uye mira mvura.

Kubatsira amphibians muzvinhu zvakawanda kunobva huwandu, pamwaka, dyisa nezvimwe zvinhu. All izvi zvinoita sei simba amphibians. Somuenzaniso, Marsh datya, vaigara mvura, ndizvo zvikuru kupfuura hama dzacho kurarama dzimwe nzvimbo.

Kusiyana shiri, amphibians achiparadza mukuru nhamba rezvipembenene tinazvo chaiita nokuchengeteka zvinhu havadyi shiri. Uyewo pano mhando amphibians zvokudya zvikurukuru usiku, apo insectivorous shiri zhinji hope.

Zvainyatsoreva amphibians muupenyu hwomunhu anogona chete kuongororwa pamwe kudzidza mhuka idzi zvakakwana. Iye zvino, zvipenyu zviri amphibians riri asingafungi zivo.

Amphibians chinhu chinokosha cheni chikafu

Vamwe mhuka inobereka mbava-, amphibians vakawanda zvokudya huru. Somuenzaniso, kupona munhu raccoon imbwa iri nzvimbo dzakasiyana kunoenderana nenhamba amphibians munzvimbo idzi.

Mink, otter, nembira uye polecat nokuzvidira kudya amphibians. Naizvozvo, nhamba mhuka idzi zvinokosha kunovhima nhandare. Amphibians vanobatanidzwa zvokudya nezvimwe zvikara. Kunyanya kana usina zvakakwana zvinhu zvokudya - nemakonzo diki.

Mukuwedzera, hove zvinokosha vezvokutengeserana muchando, kuti madziva nenzizi zvokudya matatya. Kazhinji, kugadzirwa wavo anova shava datya, izvo vakasiyana mutema pamusoro datya haina akavigwa yechando yl. Muzhizha nayo anodya pano invertebrates, muchando anoenda munguva yechando mudziva. Saka, amphibian anova murevereri uye replenishes zvokudya umbowo hove.

Amphibians uye sayenzi

Nemhaka ayo marongerwo uye survivability amphibian zvaishandiswa sezvo mumarabhoritari mhuka. Zviri pamusoro datya akabata kupfuura nhamba kuedza kubva zvipenyu zvidzidzo kuchikoro huru zvokurapa tsvakurudzo masayendisiti. Nokuti zvinangwa izvi ave zvipenyu zvinhu murabhoritari kushandiswa gore pamusoro ezviuru matatya. Zvinogoneka kuti izvi zvinogona kutungamirira zvachose mhuka. Panzira, muEngland akarambidza mubati matatya, uye zvino vava pasi kudzivirira.

Zvakaoma yokuverenga kwesayenzi zvose Zvakawanikwa chokuita kuedza uye vasiri kwakaita matatya ari. Munguva ichangopfuura, hazvina rawanikwa mafomu avo murabhoritari uye kurapwa tsika kuti mangwanani vasabatwa akazvitakura. Pakatanga weti yevakadzi nepamuviri mukono matatya uye toads ndiko yavo nokukurumidza chirongwa spermatogenesis. Panyaya iyi, kunyanya anomira panze munyoro buruuru.

Chinonyanya kujairika amphibians nyika

Pakati havaratidzi anozivikanwa marudzi emhuka idzi akawana isingawanzowanikwi uye kujairika specimens zhinji.

Somuenzaniso, mweya datya (genus Heleophryne) - iri chokwadi mhuri kwakasanangurwa tailless amphibians vane mhuka matanhatu chete, mumwe icho chete kuwanikwa kumakuva. Pachena, pano uye pane zita nani kujairika kwemarudzi. Vanorarama kunyanya kuchamhembe-kumabvazuva South Africa, pedyo nehova musango. Vari kadikidiki 5 masendimita uye kamafurashi ruvara. Vane kuzvirotera mundovanda pasi mabwe usiku. Zvisinei, mhando mbiri kusvika kuparadzwa nhasi.

Proteus (Proteus anguinus) - akadanidzira maonero kirasi Amphibians, kugara pachivande madhamu. Zvasvikira kureba masendimita 30. Vanhu vose vari mapofu uye vane ganda yakajeka. Proteus anovhima kuburikidza zvemagetsi aikanganiswa ganda uye kunhuhwidza. Anogona kurarama pasina zvokudya kwemakore anosvika 10.

Next mumiririri datya zooglossus Gardner (Sooglossus gardineri) rinoreva chimwe chezvinhu kujairika mhando tailless amphibians. Zviri pasi pangozi kuparadzwa. It ane kureba hapana mm zvinopfuura 11.

Darwin datya - iri duku tailless amphibian kuti anogara inotonhora madhamu gomo. The muviri Kureba vanenge 3 cm. The varume vari hatching vana vavo huro mubhegi.

Interesting mashoko pamusoro amphibians

• Kunyange kure vafambi zvose farira kuti State kuPeru cafes zhinji, iyo inoshanda anokosha cocktaileja matatya. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvinwiwa dzakadaro kubvisa zvirwere zvakawanda, kurapa asima uye bronchitis, batsira rokudzorera potency. Imwe nzira yokugadzirira kuti kukuya mhenyu datya ari blender pamwe kuwedzera bhinzi muto, uchi, Aloe muto uye Poppy mudzi. Wagadzirira arege panze uye edza dhishi ichi?
• Kujairika amphibians vanogara kuSouth America. Gangaidzo datya pavanokura aiitwa maduku. Yekushandisa akura urefu rinosvika masendimita 6 chete. Zvisinei, tadpoles dzavo vachikura masendimita 25. Strange chinhu.
• In kwakaita Murabhoritari matatya, vaongorori Australian vakaita kwetsaona zvinoshamisa. Vakawana kuti mhuka idzi vanokwanisa achibvisa vatorwa miviri kubva muviri kuburikidza dundira. Unyanzvi Hwokuridza uye zvikuru inozvikudza masayendisiti akaisa mhuka zvinotakura kuti papera nguva vakatamira bladders dzavo. Saka, zvakava pachena kuti vapinda muviri amphibians, dzimwe zvinhu zvishoma inokura uye akapfava zvinyama wakavhomorwa muruoko dundira. Izvi zvakawanikwa chaizvoizvo akaita yechimurenga zvesayenzi.
• Vashoma vanhuwo zvavo vaiziva kuti mhaka kakawanda achibwaira matatya panguva zvokudya riri kufurira chikafu kupinda huro. Mhuka havagoni kutsenga zvokudya uye kufurira rurimi rwake mukati yegurokuro. Maziso vanokweverwa kuti dehenya kubudikidza dzinokosha tsandanyama uye kubatsira kusunda zvokudya.
• A anonakidza Somuenzaniso rinomirira African datya Trichobatrachus robustus, izvo ane mudziyo Zvinoshamisa kuti kudzivirira pavavengi. Panguva nokutyisidzirwa makumbo kuurura ari subcutaneous pfupa, kusikwa "nenzara" imwe mhando. Kana ngozi yapera, "nenzara" dzigadzire shure, uye panoda hunenge tishu. Bvumiranai, kwete mumiririri ano fauna of anozvikudza pamberi yakadaro anobatsira uye nemamwe mamiriro.