Artwork Solzhenitsyn "The Gulag Archipelago." pfupiso

Sezvo thirties zviri sixties muSoviet Union zvinopa utungamiri mumisasa, kumanikidzwa vakawanda kuvharirwa mumisasa chaiye kuna Chief Administration (Gulag). Solzhenitsyn "The Gulag Archipelago" (Pfupiso chigadzirwa zvinorondedzerwa pazasi) akanyora muna 1956, mumagazini shanduro kwayo yakabudiswa muna 1967. Kana Genre, munyori pachake akaritumidza ive kunyorwa tsvakurudzo.

"The Gulag Archipelago." Summary maawa. 1 mujeri Mazinga, hr. 2 nokusingaperi chitsungo

The narrator rinodonongodza Routes dzokuteerera Gulag wose akanga aripo kubva kuzvidzora uye kuti urinde vasungwa. Aongorora marudzi kusungwa. Rakati kuti vakanga vasina chikonzero, uye rinosundwa vanofanira kuzadzisa chiero pamusoro nhamba. Vatizi havana kubata kana kuchengeta, shoko kune vaya vakanga kugutsikana ukoshi uye simba rake nemhosva chete.

The narrator rinoongorora nhoroondo vakawanda vakasungirwa munyika pakarepo mushure yaOctober Revolution. Anotsanangura zvinorehwa rakawedzerwa Criminal Code muna 1926 simba uye kwakavanzika 58th nyaya. It ndokukweverwazve kumusoro nenzira yakadaro kuti aigona kuva chirango chipi chiito.

Rinotsanangura randinenge nzira kuferefeta, kwakavakirwa vasingazivi vemo Soviet kodzero dzavo uye nzira Implementation pakati vaongorori kuronga kutsausa yevaifungidzirwa muchitokisi. Ipapo vaongorori uye kunyange rezvemukati Vashumiri vakava vasungwa, uye pamwechete navo uye zvose pasi dzavo, shamwari, hama neshamwari.

The narrator rinotsanangura nzvimbo chaiyo yaiva pazvitsuwa zvacho. Kubva dzaifanoiswa majeri (iye anovadana "zvengarava") maseiri kure uye vari kusvika motokari-Zaki (vanhuwo motokari, asi nezvipfigiso kuti chokufambisa mukamuri imwe neimwe vasungwa 25), inonzi "ngarava". Akatakura vasungwa uye ngarava chaivo uye ngarava vane yakadzika uye kwasviba rinei, kumboiswa Rinoburukira kana chiremba kana mudungwe wemabhazi.

"The Gulag Archipelago." Summary maawa. 3 pamusoro yechibharo istrebitelno maawa. 4 kugeza uye Barbed waya

The narrator inotiudza zvisikwa Russia pemisasa Soviet, apo vanhu vaimanikidzwa kushanda. Pfungwa rakasikwa pavo, Lenin mberi wechando 1918, pashure kupandukira woutsinye SRs. Pfungwa mutungamiri akanga akasunganidzwa kurairirwa, izvo akataura zvakajeka kuti zvose vasungwa akagwinya vanofanira hazvo kubatanidzwa mubasa. The Chirevo pamusoro Dzvuku kutyisa kwakadaro yechibharo dzainzi "yevasungwa."

Nekuti ivo, maererano vatungamiriri Soviet, vasina nehasha, utariri kutyira nezvokusikwa kuNorthern Camps kwechinangwa chinokosha uye utsinye mirairo. Kamwe kubva Solovetsky wemamongi mamongi zvose, akatora vasungwa vadzingwa. Ivo vakapfeka mumasaga kuti kutyorwa akandwe kurohwa masero, dzakanga akachengetwa utsinye ezvinhu.

Free mujeri basa aishandiswa tichigadzira pasi naKemueri-Ukhta turakiti kuburikidza safambika anezvimiti uye masango, vanhu achinyudza muzhizha, kuoma nechando muchando. Roads yave yakavakwa kweArctic Circle uye ari Kola Peninsula, uye kazhinji vasungwa havana inopiwa kunyange chinyakare zvishandiso uye akavaka noruoko.

Vasungwa vakapukunyuka, rimwe boka rakanga kunyange kukwanisa kupinda Britain. Saka muna Europe takadzidza pamusoro kuvapo Gulag. Vakatanga kuonekwa mabhuku pamusoro mumisasa, asi vanhu veSoviet vasingatendi. Kunyange Gorky, uyo akaudza chokwadi yokupara vasungwa, akasiya Solovki, vasingatendi, uye mukomana akapfurwa.

In nhoroondo Archipelago vaiva kuvakwa kwazvo zvirongwa, dzakadai White Sea Canal, akabvisa upenyu zvisingaverengeki. Echelons paakasvika vasungwa vavaki panguva yokuvakira, apo vachiri pakanga pasina urongwa, hapana chaiwo Masvomhu, hapana midziyo, hapana zvokushandisa, hapana zvakajairika wedzerai kana yemapurisa.

Kubvira 1937, hurumende akasungirirwa Gulag. Vakatanga kudzivirira imbwa pasi chiedza chinopenya magetsi. varindi Zvakatoipa vaiva vapari vemhosva vaibvumidzwa vasingarangwi kutorera uye vanodzvinyirira "enyika".

Kudzivirirwa vakadzi vari mumisasa vakava zvakanyanyisa kukwegura kana akacherekedza wakarebesa, runako kuri chinhu chakaipa. Ndichishanda vakadzi chete mabasa sezvo vanhu, kunyange kutema. Kana wavo nepamuviri, ipapo zvokudya mwana wake yaitakurwa kune mumwe musasa. Panopera zvokudya mwana akatumwa nherera, uye mai vake - pachikuva.

Isu vari Gulag navana. Kubvira muna 1926, mutongi akabvumira vana vakaita umhondi kana kupamba pamwechete nemaviri. Kubvira muna 1935, kwave akabvumira kushandisa kupfura uye vose mumwe marangirwo. Pane dzimwe nguva vana gumi pakati "vavengi vevanhu" aitumirwa Gulag kwemakore 25.

Kana zvoupfumi kubatsira mujeri basa, zvakanga kwazvo vachizeza, nokuti unhu kokubatiswa akasiya zvakawanda anodikamwa, uye musasa haisi kuzvidzora anondichengeta.

Kuzviuraya muna Gulag haana kukwana, kutiza - zvakawanda. Asi vatizi akatengesa kudzokera kumusasa noruvengo vomunzvimbo. Avo vasingagoni kumhanya, akapa mhiko vararame, zvodini.

The mukana Archipelago akanga asiri kukanganisa mafungiro omunhu: havafaniri abatane pati, kutengeswa pamwe, asina firimu, hapana bato misangano, hapana nokusagadzikana. Musoro rukasununguka, izvo zvakaita kuti mumwe rethinking yekare upenyu uye kukura pakunamata. Asi, chokwadi, hazvina kukanganisa zvose. Vazhinji misoro vakanga rakazvipira pfungwa zvokudya zvavo zvezuva nezuva, kudiwa basa chaionekwa pamwe ruvengo, uye vasungwa vaionekwa vorongerwa. Vanhu vasina zvakapfumisa upenyu hwomudzimu, Archipelago vakamushatirisa uye chakandinyengedza zvakawanda.

Kukanganisika nokuda kuvapo Gulag uye vakasara, nelagernuyu chikamu nyika, zvichiita vanhu kutya pachavo uye nemhuri dzavo. Kutya kumutengesa akaita zvikuru nzira yokupukunyuka. It akaunzwa utsinye uye blurs mitsetse pakati pezvakanaka nezvakaipa.

"The Gulag Archipelago." Summary maawa. Katorga anenge 5, ch. 6 pamusoro batanidzo

Mugore rechimakumi mana rechitatu Stalin zvakare akauya matanda uye mujeri muuranda. Anonamatwa muna thirties ake, kwete zvose, kwakava vashoma pakati murimi mudiki, chakanga vagari kudhakwa uye havana kuudza nechido webato uye Koshanda kune mutungamiri uye nyika chimurenga.

Link mu Russia yakanga pamutemo kare muzana remakore rechi17. Pakazosvika thirties remakore rechi20 rakava kwekanguva pokugara vaya vanoenda pasi banga utsinye udzvinyiriri Soviet.

Kusiyana nevamwe nhapwa, vakapfuma vanhuwo zvavo mhuri vakaendeswa pasingagarwi kure nzvimbo pasina chikafu uye okurima midziyo pamwe. Most vakafa nokuziya nenzara. Mune forties akatanga dhipota vanhu yose.

"The Gulag Archipelago." f Pfupiso yebhuku. 7 kuti zvakanga pashure porufu womutungamiri

Pashure 1953 rezvitsuwa harisati rapera, yava nguva kumboitika zvichemo. The narrator rinoti hurumende yeSoviet haringamiri pasina izvozvo. vasungwa Life haazombovizve nani, nokuti kuwana chirango, asi chaizvoizvo ari maitiro pamusoro pavo anobudisa zvikanganiso zvake, kuti vanhu havana kufanana navo kufunga Advanced Leninist-paitonga Stalin dzidziso. Hurumende ichiri akasungirirawo simbi pomukombero mutemo. Nomukombero iri - hakuna mutemo.

Pfupiso ye "Gulag Archipelago" - the autobiographical mabasa Solzhenitsyn - Haapi muverengi mukana kupfeka masiki ari musungwa, zvinopfuura kuvhiringidzika mupfungwa womunyika Archipelago, kuti izvo, maererano munyori, akanga nechinangwa rondedzero kwomusasa uye kujeri chaizvoizvo chakazara chigadzirwa.