Chii chinonzi ivhu-kugadzira matombo

Denga muviri wechisikigo wakagadzirwa nehutano hwakabatanidzwa hwemhuka uye zvisikwa zvinomera, zvinhu zvekununura, mamiriro emamiriro ekunze nemabasa emaindasitiri evanhu kumucheto wepamusoro kwenyika. Muzvisikwa uye upenyu hwehupenyu, ivhu rinokosha zvikuru. Chinonyanya kushanda semamiriro ekuvapo kwezvirimwa nemhuka, zvakare - pasina iyo, munhu angangofa nenzara. Nokudaro, ivhu, iro chibereko chehupenyu, ihwowo mamiriro ekuvapo uye nekuvandudzwa kwehupenyu panyika yedu.

Mhepo ndiyo nzira huru yekugadzira mune zvekurima. Zvinhu zvose zvekurima zvevanhu zvakabva pakushandiswa kweizvi. Kudyara kwekudyara kunoshandisa chivako ichi sechirongwa chekugadzirwa kwezvirimwa, mukugadzira mhuka - sechikonzero chekugadzirwa kwezvokudya zvezvipfuwo. Kune varimi, inoshanda sechinhu chinoshandiswa nemasimba.

Zvose zvekurima zvekurima zvakasungirirwa kune kushandiswa kwepamusoro kwepamusoro penyika. Ndicho chikonzero nokuda kwekushandisa kwayo kwakakodzera kunokosha kuti uve nechero ruzivo rwemashoko pamusoro pezvinhu, kuumbwa, kuumbwa uye kuparadzirwa kwenzvimbo.

Soil formation

Izvo zvakakosha zvakaoma: kubereka kwevabereki kunoshandurwa kuva chinhu chakasiyana zvakasiyana neicho chepakutanga, kwete chete nekunze kwezvinhu, asiwo nezvayo. Mamiriro ekutanga ekubudirira kwevhu inogadzirisa ndeye kugadziriswa kwezvinhu zvipenyu kune dombo rebereki. Nokuda kwekubereka kunobudirira kwezvipenyu izvi, unyoro uye rudzi rwezvokudya zvinowanikwa kune iyi mararamiro ehupenyu zvinodiwa. Zvose zviri zviviri izvi zvinokosha zvinowanzoonekwa semamiriro ekutsvaga kwedombo. Kudyarwa kwevhu inzira inoramba ichienderera mberi, zvichienderana nekubatana kwebwe rekutanga pamwe nemhuka dzakachengetedza. Inowedzera zvinotevera.

Midzi yemiti yakagadzika padombo, inotora zvinhu zvinobatsira kubva kune iyo, ichiita kuti ichiswedere pedyo nepamusoro. Mushure mokunge mbeu yacho yafa, mishonga inowanikwa mairi inopinda munharaunda. Munguva iyi, zvimwe zvezvinhu izvi zvinoshambidzwa nehova dzemvura yakadzika, chimwe chikamu chinogara mumatunhu akakwirira edombo, chechitatu chinoshandiswa nemiti itsva.

Kudonha, zvinomera zvinoumba humus - yakaoma miviri yezvinhu zvehupenyu. Iyi humus, inounganidza mumatanda epamusoro edombo, inopa iyo itsva zvinhu uye inoridza iyo muvara wakajeka. Mukufananidzwa nekuumbwa kwe humus, nzira yekuparara kwayo inowedzera.

Kuumbwa uye kuparadzwa kwe humus, uyewo kuunganidza mishonga munzvimbo dzakakwirira dzevhu, kunonzi " biological cycle" - zvinhu zvakasikwa zvekugadzira ivhu. Izvi ndezvokuti izvi zvinoratidzika kuti dzinza risina zvibereko rinowedzera.

Sayenzi yemazuva ano inoparadzanisa ivhu guru-kuumba matombo mujesheni mumapoka akawanda. Mumwe nomumwe wavo anofanira kuonekwa sega.

Glacial deposits

Dombo-kuumba matombo emhando iyi kunosanganisira moraines akasiyana siyana-ayo makuru, ayo akaiswa munzvimbo dzaiva nechokumusoro kwegungwa, iyo yekupedzisira yakaumbwa pamucheto wei glacier, uye iyo yakagadziriswa iri pamativi eirimi mumupata wegriciation.

Chero chero chimiro chavana vanaye, vachave dombo rakachengetwa: sandy loam, jecha, ivhu uye loam - muchidimbu, avo vari muhuwandu hwakazara huri nematombo muhuwandu hwakaenzana. Kusagadzikana uye nhamba huru yei inowanika kakawanda mumuganhu we moraines, kuchena kunhu hunoenderana nehukuru.

Kuisa mari yakawanda kunogadzira zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana, kunyanya munyaya ye drumlin, gungwa rinogumira uye vamwe.

Fluvioglacial deposits

Aya matombo anovaka ivhu anonziwo mvura-yechando. Zita rakadaro ravakagamuchira nokuda kwekuti ivo vakaumbwa nekuda kwemvura yakanyunguduka yemagetsi. Izvi zvinowanzotarisana nemharaine yepasi uye yekupedzisira, kazhinji ichivashandura. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekufamba kwepakati pekukwira kwemaodzanyemba kwema glaciers. Maitiro emagetsi anosanganisira zviduku zviduku kana sejecha-uye-shingle zvichiumba glacier deltas, magomo e ozovyh uye zvimwe zvigadziriswa, pakupedzisira kugadzira jecha nemaruva ematombo.

Aya matombo anozivikanwa nepamusoro wezvinhu, kujekesa zvakajeka kweblique, iyo yakasikwa yemari yemvura inoyerera.

Dombo-kuumba matombo emhando iyi inogara pamwe ne loam, iyo yakanyatsogadziriswa. Nyanzvi dzinofunga kuti zvigadzirwa zveloamy zvakadaro zvinoumbwa nekuderera kuduku kweerigarcial waters. Mamiriro avo akaoma, anosvibisa, ane ruvara rwemuvara. Nokuda kwechimiro ichi, zvinyorwa zveboulders hazvizivikanwe.

Iyo chivigiro chinowanzogoverwa munharaunda yemvura yakasviba, yakarembera pana moraine, iyo iyo, inenge nguva dzose, inoparadzaniswa zvakajeka.

Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akafanana ezvisikwa, zvipfeko zvakasvibirika zvinogonawo kuitika. Iko makemikari evhu-kugadzira matombo emhando iyi yeloam yakafanana neyongogumira, asi yakasiyana mune carbonate zvayo.

Kazhinji idzi idzi dzinoita kuti ivhu rive rakaderera. Kusina humus, mishonga, hutsika hunyoro hunyoro hwezvinyorwa zvinotungamirira kuchigumisiro ichi. Kuumbwa kwezvinhu mumidziyo yakazara nevhu, pamwe nekugadzira zvishoma zvishoma munzvimbo yacho, kunotungamirira pakuumbwa kwevhu remadzimai-kuumba dombo revhu re podzolic munzvimbo idzi . Pamusoro pemvura yakawanda yepaiti, vanogona kuva bog-podzolic.

Lacustrine-glacial inogadzirisa

Munzvimbo dzakapoteredza nzvimbo, dombo-kugadzira matombo inoumbwa pamusana pezvinyorwa zvezvimedu zvemakungwa anozadza nzvimbo dzakaderera dzekununura pedyo nemagetsi. Muchiitiko ichi, nzvimbo yakawanda yakanyanyisa yakagadzirwa ribhoni ivhu inowanika, asi dzimwe nguva zvinokwanisika kugumburwa pajecha uye sandy loam nekwakadzika kusina kusvibiswa kwekudzivirira.

Alluvial deposits

Iri boka rinosanganisira zvigadziri zvinoumbwa mumipata yehova, uye mumiromo yehova dzemvura. Izvo zvinyorwa zvakave zvakajeka kuti inonzi stratification. Mhando dzevhu-dzinoita matombo mumutambo wemhando dzose dzinotarisirwa dzichaenderana nemamiriro ezvisikwa, zvigadzirwa zvingangodaro zvine sandy, clayey, loamy, nezvimwewo.

Lacustrine deposits

Inozivikanwa nokushaikwa kwebhandi kushandiswa kwegungwa-glacial formations. Mukuwedzera, iyo inowanikwa zvikuru mumadzika emadziva emitemo yakasiyana-siyana yekuumbwa.

Ozerno-alluvial deposits

Sezvo zvinogona kunzwisiswa kubva muzita, boka iri rinosanganisira maiti emhando dzose uye rudzi rwechikepe. Izvo zvigadziro zvinoumbwa munzvimbo dzakadzika dzehova nematanda. Kunyanya kazhinji kanowanzoitika munzvimbo dzepamusoro uye mvura yakakwirira mumwaka. Abundant moistening yematombo panguva yekufamba kwemvura kwenguva yakareba kunotarisa kuonekwa kwevhu dhaka dzechigarire. Iyo inobereka michero yevhu-kugadzira matombo emhando iyi yakaderera. Munyika yedu nzvimbo dzakakura munharaunda yeWestern Siberia, Polesie, nezvimwewo zvakasikwa zvakanyatsoratidzwa nemhando iyi yemari.

Proluene deposits

Iyi tsanangudzo yakakodzera kune zvigadziriswa zvakagadzirwa nevana venguva duku kubva kumakomo. Zvinyorwa zvezvipo izvi hazvina kutenderwa, zvinoumbwa nematombo, shongwe nematombo. Iwe unogona kusangana nemhando idzi pamakomo ekuona: kunyange mhara duku inogona kuzvirumbidza yakawanda yekusunungura. Kusanganisa, zvinhu izvi zviri pamakomo ekumakomo. Kakawanda kazhinji vane huwandu hunokosha - muenzaniso unoshamisa weizvi unogona kushanda sechisungo pamwe neKopetdag.

Chimwe chinhu chakasiyana, sezvinogona kunzwisiswa, chekuvhara mari yakagadzikana chimiro che fan kana cone. Izvo zvakagadziriswa zvekutsvaga zvakasiyana. Pedyo negomo remakomo, ndiko, kunyanya, maitiro eti-carvelly-gravelly, panzvimbo yakaoma. Icho chiri kure nemakomo iyo mari yacho inobviswa, zviduku zvayo. Panzvimbo yakakura zvikuru kubva kumaodzanyemba kwezvikomo, proluvium ine sanda uye loam.

Eluvial inosara

Dombo-kugadzira matombo emhando iyi inoumbwa nekushongedza mamiriro emakomo akasara munzvimbo yavo.

Kubva pane zvakagadzirirwa dombo rekutanga uye mararamiro emamiriro okunze, zvinokwanisika kutonga kuti kuumbwa uye zvipenyu zvichaiswa sei. Zvine makemikari akasiyana-siyana emasikirwo emasikirwo, anogona kuva matombo makuru ematombo kana kushandiswa kwevhu. Nzvimbo dzomumakomo dzakapfuma mumatombo ematombo, asi nzvimbo dzakadzika dzine mamiriro okunze ane mvura dzakazara nemidziyo yevhu.

Eluvium inoratidzirwa nekuchinja kwishoma kwemuvara wematombo uye musiyano mutsva mu mineralogical yakagadzirirwa yemubereki aripo kubva pamigumisiro inoguma.

Dhivivial deposits

Nzvimbo yakakosha yevhu-kugadzira matombo emakomo zvinotarisa kune rudzi urwu rwemari. Izvo zvakanyatsobatana zvikuru nekusanzwisisika, kuva, sechinhu chaicho, chakashambidzwa kubva kumakomo nemvura kana mvura yakasvibiswa ne-eluvium.

Dombo-kugadzira matombo echirudzi urwu ane ruzivo rwakakura uye rukuru. Kazhinji kazhinji, zvikamu zvinowirirana nechepamusoro pegomo. Nokuda kwechikamu chazvo ivo vanobatanidzwa nevhu. Mikana yekuona matombo makuru ematombo yakanyanya kuduku.

Izvo zvakachengetwa zviri munzvimbo dzekununurwa, pedyo nemakomo emvura kana pasi pezvikomo.

Eluvio-deluvial deposits

Maitiro ezvisina kufanira uye emadhora ezvinyorwa ndeokuti mune nzvimbo huru ivo vari pedyo zvikuru. Negadziriro yakadai, zvakaoma kusiyanisa pakati penzvimbo iyo imwe nzvimbo yemvura inotanga uye inoguma nemumwe, kana kunyange asingakwanisi zvachose. Nyanzvi dzakasarudza kuti ivhu-kugadzira matombo munyaya ino ichanzi eluvio-deluvial. Vanogara vari munzvimbo dzine makomo uye nzvimbo dzine nzvimbo dzakakwirira.

Aeolian inoshandiswa

Kuumbwa kwemari yakadaro kunowanzobatanidzwa nebasa rakawanda remhepo.

Pasina mubvunzo, mvura yeolian ndiyo sandidho inoshandiswa iyo inoumba nzvimbo dzerenje uye semasango. Aya maitiro anoita kuti zvionekwe zvitsva - dunes. Iko kubva kwavari kuti mhedzisiro yezera iri inogona kuve yakabatanidzwa kune elian type pasina.

Mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzisina kubatana nedenga, ivhu-kugadzira matombo emhando iyi rinogonawo kuwanikwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira dunes zvakasiyana-siyana: gungwa, rwizi, nyika. Izvozvi maumbirwo akaumbwa nemadenga echando akashandurwa kare, apo mamiriro ekunze akasiyana, kana kuti ari kuendeswa nhasi - izvi zvinowanzoitika pasi pesimba revanhu. Mukuwedzera kune morphological properties, iyolian inonyanya kusimba kubva kune dzimwe mhando dzose kuburikidza nekugadzirisa diagonal uye kukwirira kwepamusoro.

Loess

Iyi mikoko yeQuaternary inogadzira ivhu inzvimbo yakawanda munharaunda yenyika yedu. Mapoka ekumaodzanyemba uye kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumaodzanyemba kumativi ose akabatanidzwa nehupfumi uye loesslike loam. Aya marudzi ematombo ane zvinhu zvinosanganisira: kusununguka, kusava nekugadzirisa, porosity. Mhedzisiro inonyanya kukosha ndeyepamusoro wehuwandu hwe magnesium uye calcium carbonates.

Marine sediments

Marine-kuumba mabwe eRussia anomiririra kunyanya mumapasipanisi eCaspian. Kugadzirwa kwavo munzvimbo iyi kwakaitika munguva yekupedzisira kudarika kweGungwa reCaspian. Idzi idzi dziri pano nenzira yeoti chocolate plate-like dense ivhu, dzimwe nguva jecha. Kazhinji idzi matombo ane salin yakasimba. Mukuwedzera, nzvimbo dzegungwa dzinofanana nemhenderekedzo yeActic Ocean.