Cybernetics sezvo kurangwa

Cybernetics - sayenzi utariri pezvakaitwa mune simba gadziriro, iyo inobva yokungotaura hwaro hwepfungwa, masvomhu uye kushandiswa kwakapararira kuti chinangwa ichi kadambari.

Andre Marie Ampere anenge mazana maviri apfuura, akapedza basa rakanzi "Essays pamusoro Uzivi Sayenzi." Munguva yemasvomhu French uye yefizikisi akatsvaka codify zvose ruzivo huripo rwesayenzi. Ari oga chikamu musayendisiti akaisa sainzi, raakanga vakafunga kwaiva kudzidza nzira mumagariro kuzvidzora. Zita sayenzi iyi, rinobva pashoko rechiGiriki rokuti "kibernetes", zvichireva "helmsman", "helmsman".

Cybernetics Science Ampere yakaiswa "Politics" chikamu. Kwenguva refu nguva hatina kushandisa izwi zvachose, Chokwadi kukanganwa nezvazvo.

Chete muna 1948, Norbert Wiener, American yemasvomhu, rakabudiswa basa "Cybernetics, kana Control uye Kukurukurirana zvipenyu uye michina." Bhuku vafarire guru paruzhinji.

Cornerstones akadana cybernetics ruzivo yokuti, dzidziso automata dzidziso uye algorithms ndakadzidza nzira chokuvaka hurongwa kuti ruzivo kugadzira. The kwemasvomhu midziyo yose cybernetics nesayenzi wakakura kwazvo. Kunosanganisira fungidziro yokuti, basa dzidziso, akarongeka pfungwa nezvimwe mapazi wemasvomhu.

Kukura nzira nesayenzi kuti cybernetics wakaita basa guru zvipenyu kuti vanodzidza kurapa pezvakaitwa tinoberekwa zvakasikwa. Yokusarudza kukura cybernetics aiva kukura kushandisa michina uye zvemagetsi, izvo zvakazoita kuti chidzoke makombiyuta dzakakwirira nokukurumidza. Izvi yakashamisa mikana kusingaenzaniswi mashoko kubudiswa uye simulation kudzora enyika.

Basa rimwe sayenzi mutsva akatanga kushandisa wefizikisi, masvomhu, zvipenyu, wepfungwa, physiology, dzezvoupfumi, uzivi, Engineering mirayiridzo siyana.

Nekuti cybernetics Zvidzidzo utariri pezvakaitwa, sayenzi izvi vakatsvaka kutanga basa pezvakaitwa muzvinhu youdyire. Somugumisiro, vakawanda vafunge kudzidza kwave pedyo mupenyu muviri - kune mumwe munhu ari kudzora mamiriro chemhando mhando, iyo inobudisa vasayendisiti uye mainjiniya vakatsvaka zvichiberekana achishandisa michina.

Cybernetics wakaipa mukuru ehupfumi dzakasiyana-siyana rokudzora mugadziriro, izvo zvagara zvinowanika nemhuka, uye makemikari nyika, uye mapoka evanhu.

Control chinhu (muchina, zvoga mutsetse, foni mupenyu, munhu akaita kutaurwa) uye kudzora chikwata (uropi kana machine) tichingotarisira kupanana ruzivo.

Management chokuita nokubata, kuchengetwa, kuwanda, mashoko kubudiswa, mashoko anorondedzera chinhu, ari kwokunze zvakatipoteredza, nzira kwemasayendisiti, chirongwa basa.

Akasiyana hurongwa akasiyana mumwe pachisikigo nhau (chiedza, ruzha, kemikari, zvemaziso, zviratidzo zvemagetsi, zvinyorwa). Asi chero zvakadaro, azvaiitwa inozviisa pasi mitemo mukuru. Vose inozivikanwa pamberi dzinovaka. Uyewo, vose kudzorwa mano anosanganisira zvinhu uye zvinhu zvine zvakafanana zvinhu yokusafa uye zvipenyu uye chakagadzirwa michina. Vanokwanisa kunzwisisa ruzivo, kuunganidza nayo, kuti nemusoro, etc.

Cybernetics kwakasimbiswa nokukurumidza chaizvo. About kota zana yakura kupinda rimwe vaitungamirira anoranga, izvo vakagamuchira Kuzivikanwa chesayenzi uye dzaikosha.

Nhasi cybernetics - a dzakazara Sayenzi nhungamiro management muzvinhu dzakasarudzwa sayenzi uye vanhu (kwoupfumi, zvekushandisa, zvenyukireya cybernetics, etc.) Cybernetics nezvechinhu pfungwa uye anovaka muenzaniso utungamiriri.

Cyber anonzi rudzi kudzora kuti anofunga zvose sangano wegadziriro, ane zvinhu zviri interconnected; Rinopa Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri chichapedza matambudziko guru; Inoshandisa dzakananga nzira cybernetics (inofambiswa, kuzvicheka-sangano, etc.); anoshandisa kushandisa michina uye Mechanisation basa iri Kutarisira uye nokuda zvemichina kombiyuta uye kombiyuta zvakanaka.