Cyclic zvine Mahydrocarbon: sei kugadzirira kwavo. cycloalkanes

Munyaya ino tichakurukura kuwana cycloalkanes uye zvinoitwa mamiriro avo. Ngatiedzei kutsanangura maitiro ehupfumi idzi zvinhu, kwakavakirwa zvinoitwa mamiriro avo.

mamiriro

Kutanga kuongorora maumbirwo mukirasi akati Organic Mahydrocarbon. cyclic yeimwe All vari rakakamurwa carbocyclic uye heterocyclic mhuka.

Boka rechipiri riri mukati munhu namahwindo loop matatu kabhoni maatomu. kunze kabhoni Heterocyclic chete yeimwe mu mamorekuru dzavo dzinewo sarufa, okisijeni, phosphorus, senitrogen.

Pane kupesana carbocyclic zvinonhuwirira yeimwe uye alicyclic fuma.

alicyclic zvinhu

Izvi zvinosanganisira cycloalkanes. Chemical zvivako uye gadziriro izvi zvinhu takatsunga chaiyo neboka namahwindo maumbirwo mukirasi iyi Mahydrocarbon.

Alicyclic akadana avo zvinhu zvine mumwe kana kupfuura non-inonhuwirira hunhu zvinogara. Kugadzirira uye Kushandiswa cycloalkanes runoonekwa maererano ukama hwavo alicyclic akakura.

kupatsanura

Nyore mumiririri mukirasi iyi Mahydrocarbon ndiyo cyclopropane. In ayo mamiriro chete kabhoni maatomu matatu. Vamiririri homologous akatevedzana vakadamwa, mukuwedzera, uye paraffins. Maererano dzavo makemikari mumuviri zvivako akafanana nomuti Mahydrocarbon. The mamorekuru ane zvisungo kuroora kuumbwa remasanganiswa orbitals. The cycloalkanes mhando hybridization sp3.

Zvinonyatsorehwa sezvamunoita yakaratidzwa nzira SnN2n kirasi. yeimwe ava interclass isomers ethylenic Mahydrocarbon.

Maererano kuitika yemarudzi Nomenclature pakati kuzvitsinhanisa, pamwe zita vamiririri kirasi kuwedzera chivakashure "cyclo" akakodzera nokuwanda yeHydrocarbon maatomu. Saka, Somuenzaniso, vanogamuchira cyclohexane, cyclopentane. Kodzera zvinopa Nomenclature zita nhamba namahwindo methylene mapoka CH2. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, zvichava raireva trimethylene cyclopropane uye cyclobutane - tetramethylene.

Nokuti kirasi iyi Organic yeimwe inozivikanwa STRUCTURAL isomerism maererano nokuwanda kabhoni maatomu ari mhete, uye Manyiminya isomerism.

dzidzo mikana

Zvino funga kuti mabiko. Cycloalkanes kunogona kuwanikwa nenzira dzakawanda, zvichienderana rudzii ane pokutangira zvinhu yakasanangurwa makemikari kushanduka. Isu ichaongorora huru kusarudza Paraffin usage.

Saka, chii kwavanoitwa? Cycloalkanes inoumbwa cyclization diagalogenproizvodnyh nomuti Mahydrocarbon. Saizvozvowo mishonga zvinogadzirwa four- uye-membered matatu mhete. Somuenzaniso, cyclopropane. Ngatikurukurei ayo gadziriro - cycloalkanes inova vamiririri homologous akatevedzana okutanga inoumbwa kuitwa esimbi magnesium kana zingi digalogenproizvodnuyu runoenzanirana alkane.

Uye sei unogona kuumba-membered mashanu namatanhatu-membered cyclic yeimwe, muitiro kwavo kuwana? Cycloalkanes pamwe sezvo vazhinji kabhoni maatomu marongerwo kuumba munhu nani kwakaoma, sezvo kuchikonzerwa conformation dambudziko chete cyclization yacho Morekuru. Fani iyi imhaka vakasununguka vachishandisa kutenderera C-C, iyo yekudyidzana zvinoderedza mikana yacho cyclic akakura. Nokuti paumbwe izvi vamiririri cycloalkanes sezvo kutanga zvinhu ndivo 1,2- kana 1,3-digalogenproizvodnye runoenzanirana alkane.

Pakati nzira Paraffin usage kwacho uye kusiyanisa decarboxylation pamusoro dicarboxylic acids uye munyu ayo. Five- uye-membered nhanhatu cycloalkanes vagadzirira intermolecular condensation.

Pakati Nzira dzinoshandiswa nokuda inotungamirwa kwavo taura maitiro pakati alkenes uye carbenes, kudzorera oxygenated nomukaka tsiklosoedineny.

mushonga ehupfumi

All zvinogoneka nzira kuwana cycloalkanes vavo mukukurukurirana takatsunga ne peculiarities kwemakemikari mamiriro. Akapiwa pamberi cyclic mamiriro, pakati chikuru ehupfumi ari kwemakemikari maitiro rehydrogen cycloalkanes kufanosarudza kubatana (hydrogenation), ayo kubviswa (kupera mvura mumuviri).

Nokuti Maitiro uchishandisa anowedzera, sezvo ari Platinum, palladium anogona kuita. Iri vakaita pagungano tembiricha yakakwirira, mutengo wayo kunobva rin'i saizi. The chiito pamusoro cyclic yeHydrocarbon Morekuru kubudikidza UV irradiation, anogona sei chlorination (kuiisa chlorine Kuwedzera).

Kufanana vamiririri vose Organic yeimwe, cycloalkane anokwanisa kupinda ari combustion maitiro, kuti aumbe, carbon dioxide pashure zvakaitwa, mvura nemhute. Izvi zvakaitwa zvinoreva exothermic pezvakaitwa kubva aine kusunungurwa zvakakwana kupisa.

mhedziso

Paraffins dzakavharika yeHydrocarbon yeimwe aumba kubva digalogenproizvodnyh alkanes kana zvimwe Organic yeimwe. Features mamiriro avo vakatsunga inokosha namakemikari ehupfumi cycloalkanes, chikumbiro chavo. Kunyanya kushandiswa mune makemikari kwetunhu kubudisa oxygenated Organic yeimwe.