December Kupanduka: Zvinokonzera uye Consequences

Muna December 1905, hurumende yokutanga Russian zvasvika kwamvura yacheka makumbo. A kupandukira kwakatanga muMoscow. Remagandanga hondo muguta raiva mavhiki maviri. Panguva imwe chete naro paiva nemhirizhonga mune mamwe mumaruwa maguta. Kunyange zvakadaro, Moscow bongozozo, dzikavauraya mazana vanhu, rave woutsinye. Pashure pokukunda ichi, hurumende tsarist aitanga mumaoko avo, uye pakupedzisira zvachose akakurira yaifamba 1905-1907.

Zvinokonzera uye mamiriro

Famous December vakazvigadzirira kumukira vakatanga somugumisiro kwezviitiko zviitiko. It akanga vakagamuchirwa yakakurumbira Manifesto October 17, uko kwakapiwa nyika vamwe rusununguko uye pave paramende. Zvisinei, vasingagutsikani akaramba pakati yevagari. December 4, 1905 akanga kuenda plenum reCouncil of Workers 'vevatariri muMoscow. Pausiku paChigaro First paiva kwebope vamire ipapo Rostov hondo. Masoja vakakumbira zvokudya nani, kugumiswa tsamba kusenza uye zvichingodaro. D. Against pakanyorwa chiitiko ichi vakatanga kuenda pamusoro warpath vashandi vakawanda. Moscow proletarians vakaungana kuronga ranwa. With ichi chinangwa, Council akanga paKokorodzano.

Center of December kumukira nezvombo muMoscow kukoreji Fiedler pa Chistye Prudy. Pane akagara Soviet kuti Workers 'wevatariri, uye pano ari Bolshevik musangano rakarongwa. Manheru, chechi5 zuva chikoro akatanga kusvika vamiririri fekitari uye fekitari Party masero. Vose vakanga vachida rubatsiro kuti ranwa. Zvisinei, zvakanga iri vatsigiri vechimurenga, uye yakawanda nematambudziko. Paiva asina zvombo zvakakwana uye nebato simba iri Moscow ravarwi akanga simba. Asi iyi pakati Bolsheviks vaipfuura chokwadi. The Mensheviks, zuva risati akatora kujeka sarudzo. Vakanga vachida kusimbiswa chirongwa. Mushure pakutanga yemuna pasina Reservations ivo akabatana ranwa.

Pakati SRs mumazuva December okutanga akaramba achienda gakava. Vechiduku pakati maximalists (Vladimir Mazurin uye zvichingodaro. D.) waitsigira kupfuura yakasimba chiito. More ruzivo kuipandukira (Viktor Chernov uye Evno Azef) aidavira kuti kumukirawo hazvibviri. Pakupedzisira, Social kuipandukira akasarudza kuita pamusoro mamiriro ezvinhu uye kumirira parukungiso zviitiko. Zvichakadai, December vakazvigadzirira yemuna zvisingadzoreki pedyo.

sitiraiki

December 7, 1905 akatanga chiitiko chikuru yaDecember vakazvigadzirira yemuna. On nhasi mukuru wavanozvisunga enyika pakaziviswa muMoscow. Pakutanga, urovanise mirayiridzo apiwa kuti Executive Committee reCouncil of Workers 'vevatariri. City, inova musha vanhu vanodarika miriyoni kuti, akatanga kuchinja pamberi penyu chaipo. The emakambani pakukura akarega basa ravo, simba wedzerai anomiswa, akavharwa zvitoro, trams vakamira. Pazuva rokutanga Muscovites yakagadzira counter zvose: hapana anoziva kuti vangani kuchapedza malcontents nokushorwa uye masimba.

Closed zvikoro dzemitambo, vakarega racho pepanhau (kunze simbi "Proceedings of Moscow Council"). Hatina kusvika nezvitima. Akaratidza chete mugwagwa Petersburg - Moscow - nayo caters varwi. Manheru guta rakanga mukusanzwisisa rima. The Council akarambidza kubatidza mwenje. December 10 ndokuguma bhekari chingwa.

8 nhamba nhamba varovi muMoscow kwakasvika chiratidzo 150 zviuru vanhu (50 zviuru kupfuura pakutanga zuva). Mamiriro muguta akazova uye kudzikama zvikuru. Manheru, mapurisa vakadzivira zviuru zvakawanda echimurenga dziite mu "Aquarium" bindu. Vezvemitemo vakuru hunodiwa kuzvipira zvombo zvavo uye vakatanga vatore vanhu. Vazhinji vairatidzira vakatiza. Somugumisiro mapurisa chiito kwakakundikana, uye kutsamwa vanhu chete kwakasimbiswa.

December Kupanduka akatanga kuwana chaizvo hunhu nezvombo 9 nhamba usiku. Group Social Revolutionary gunmen akapinda chokumbofanobata dhipatimendi, iyo yaiva Gnezdnikovsky Lane. Vavengi vakakanda mabhomba maviri. 3 Kurwisa vakaurayiwa kuva munhu.

Tanga ropa

By Manheru December 9 December zvombo kumukira kwakaita kuti zviitiko itsva kunoshamisa. On Holy Square dragoons vakapfura vairatidzira vashandi (pamusoro nharaunda ropa-yakasvibiswa mune imwe yetsamba dzake dzataurwa riri Municipality Bamba Gorky). The kwezvinovharidzira wokutanga akazviratidza musi Tverskaya Street. Ivo akakurumidza, kuti adzikatidza mugwagwa vamabhiza uye kwakatora zvikuru refu. Asi kunyange ipapo zvakava pachena kuti wokutanga rugare wavanozvisunga pakupedzisira dzikava kumukira nezvombo.

On chete manheru pamusoro kuipandukira yakatanga kushandiswa atirari. Padzimbahwe, riri chikoro chaicho Fiedler, paiva nevanhu vanenge 500. Pro-hurumende mauto vakakomba chivakwa uye vakarayira kuti vateereri kuti vadzokere zvombo zvavo. Kunokurumidziswa akapiwa kokupedzisira renguva rimwe pakureba. Shure kwenguva ino, magandanga airamba ari masoja uye vakakanda mabhomba dzavo. Achipindura, akatanga kutokonora anoshongwa chikoro. 5 vanhu vakaurayiwa, mumwe 15 vakakuvadzwa. Asungwa vaiva 100 rioters. Vakanga akatumirwa Butyrskaya kujeri. Kunyange zvakadaro, vakawanda avo vaivapo pachikoro kutiza.

Kwezvinovharidzira mumigwagwa

Moscow rava pakachinja usiku December rechi10. Mhiri guta rakatanga kuvakwa dzinongoitika bharikedhi. The Social Democrats kutsigira urongwa ichi. Bolsheviks uye Mensheviks, kunyange mutemo pamwe rinoratidza ari Federal Council of RSDLP. Gwaro akadana dzichiisa kwezvinovharidzira uye mubatirire Misangano mikuru pamberi yemauto kuitira kukunda pamusoro masoja.

Masvingo kuti dzakavakwa kudzidzinga vairatidzira vakaitwa kubva norunhare uye chiedza nematanda, imba-gedhi, miti vakatema, emiti, mabhokisi uye Announcement mbiru. Sezvingatarisirwa, vaisagona zvose zvakafanira kudzivirira varovi kubva moto muvengi yakavimbika. Asi kwezvinovharidzira kwete chete kudziviswa kukurudzira muguta vehurumende, asi vaivawo chinokosha mupfungwa kukanganisa vakuru uye masoja, zvishoma nezvishoma kutya mavari. Vakaratidza kuti December kumukira nezvombo muMoscow akanga asiri kunyengedzazve. Frozen, vanobatwa nokukundwazve waya, mudungwe nesinou uye chakwata nemvura kwezvinovharidzira ichichinja chaiyo chando pepa.

Maererano siyana nokufungidzira, vanenge 1500-siyana masvingo dzakavakwa. Asi vashoma gumi vavo vakanga yakavakwa nenyanzvi aiziva mumunda mavo. In mukanyiwa, kuMoscow kwezvinovharidzira shoma kufanana pakuvaka nguva yaifamba 1848 uye Tauriranai muParis (rinova izwi "kwezvinovharidzira" uye ipapo akabva).

ainetsana vapanduki

Bope muMoscow chaizvoizvo aiva pedyo, asi ndezvipi zvikonzero pokukundwa yaDecember zvombo yemuna? kuipandukira chikanganiso aiva kuti havana kuonekwa chirongwa pachena kuita. Kwaiva uyo akatungamirira Moscow December yemuna zvombo zvizere pfungwa yeshoko. Pashure Mauto akaparadza chikoro Fiedler, centralized Kufambisa akanyangarika.

Kubvira pakutanga pamazuva nokushorwa vapanduki vaidzora dzimwe nzvimbo dzakapoteredza guta paiva mafekitari zvichingodaro. D. zvakanga ndangariro dzenhema kuti magandanga kuda zvishoma nezvishoma chipe Kremlin, akarikunda, Pamhidzirai dzayo pasi pamasimba. In Simonova kugarwa, muna Presnya uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo pane "zvokuvhoterwa". Power mavari chaizvoizvo vaiva kuipandukira. Izvi "zvokuvhoterwa" vakavhura pasina mumwe. December 10 Moscow City Council akapa basa kurwa squads District Council sezvo riine wayo kuramba simba uye basa dzomumaguta masa.

"Stranglers" Revolution

Mazuva mashomanana asati atanga kumukirawo kuMoscow gavhuna akagadzwa Vice Admiral Fyodor Dubasov. musoja-makore 60 akava nomukurumbira muhondo yeRussia-Turkish muna 1878-1879. Zvisinei, pashure hapana kunoshamisa mukuru kuti chekambani Akasamutsa. Muna 1905, pakutanga pokuchinja, aiitawo ari kudzvinyirira kuti murimi mudiki kumukira nechepakati enyika.

Gavhuna General of Moscow Dubasov Nicholas II akagadza nemhaka patronage Sergeya Vitte. On vanozvitutumadza hofisi, mauto akavimbisa havazvidzi kunyange zviyero zvikuru hasha uye hwakanyanya pakurwisana pamusoro chimurenga. Saka akaita December 1905, achiva wakakwana mupanduki mukuru tsarist kuita. Dubasov haana kusiyana noupamhi mafungiro enyika. Aiva Anti-Semite uye vakatenda kuti chimurenga masangano vechiJudha.

The kudzvinyirira yaDecember zvombo yemuna Moscow haana kutora nzvimbo pasina Moscow kwakaita Gavhuna Vladimir Dzhunkovsky. somugumisiro nokurwisa kwemagandanga musi Moscow kwakaita Red Square ane makore 40 okuberekwa konoro vakashumira sezvo mubatsiri ari Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, uyo akafa kumavambo 1905. Tichienzanisa Dubasov yakanga zvikuru kuchinja uye nesimba munhu. Panguva yemuna Dzhunkovsky ruzivo akawanda akakundikana kuedza.

The nhamba uye zvombo vapanduki

Vezvenhau havana chaiyoiyo mashoko sei vazhinji kuipandukira nezvombo kwakaita kuti mumigwagwa Pervoprestolnoj December kumukira nezvombo muMoscow. Muchidimbu, maererano nokufungidzira siyana pakutanga yokusagadzikana iyi nhamba evadzimi akadaro aiva 1,700. At yepamusoro pavanotaurirana, nhamba iyi akasimuka 8000. At shamwari rubatsiro anosvika Moscow vigilantes ari Suburban maguta Kolomna, Mytischi, Perov, Lyubertsy.

Vapanduki Armed vanokamurwa mumapoka makuru akawanda. Paiva 'chaiye "kukupfura: Bolshevik, SR, Menshevik, Caucasian, mudzidzi, typographical, njanji, etc. chombo vapanduki kuruboshwe zvikuru anodikamwa - Hazvina zvinooneka akaderera zvombo hurumende nemauto ... Vazhinji vapanduki vakanga vachienda kundorwa pfuti, kunovhima nepfuti, hondo nepfuti. Popular vakanga unocheka kumativi zvombo uye ruoko mabhomba, iyo vainzi "Makedonka".

pemauto zhinji zvakaipa wayo zvombo. Asi masoja basa, ivo pachena vasina ruzivo zvakakwana. Nepo paiva December kumukira nezvombo muMoscow, nounyanzvi kuipandukira vakadzidzisa mamwe masoja avo kupfura nemamwe unyanzvi zvinokosha. Zvisinei, kugadzirisa zvidzidzo izvi vapanduki vacho vakanga vasina nguva.

The Chronicles yokurwisana

Mumazuva "Hottest" 10-19 yaDecember nezvombo yemuna, muchidimbu, ndiko chaiwo dzomumaguta remagandanga hondo. Yaiva motley Panorama, zvinosanganisira vakawanda zvikamu. Nezviito zvose kumativi kazhinji zvakasiyana runobva uye vakavhiringidzika, vakakoniwa asi kuguma vanhuwo zvavo. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mumazuva zvazvo vagari Moscow rokutanga, kana asina tsitsi kune retainers, ipapo dzinenge kuchengetedza akanaka kwavakarerekera. Zvisinei, apo hondo yakatanga akasungirirwa, vagari vakawanda ropa sezvingatarisirwa vakaneta.

December 10 zviitiko zvinoshamisa kupfuura kwakaitika pakati peguta. On Kalanchevskaia Square uye Tverskaya Street, paiva vakawanda uuraye. Boka ezviuru vashandi Trekhgornij fekitari yakachena kusvinwa Cossacks. On December 11-12, kurwa kwakapararira guta. Moscow December zvombo kumukira ndokupinda kuchiguma danho. By kuti Dubasov 12 nhamba vave inonyoreswa tsvakiridzo chero vamirepo akakwidzwa padare pashure pemaawa 18. The kupfuura unoshamisa yechiitiko zuva rakanga hondo iri Pyatnitskaya mumugwagwa pedyo Sytin kudhinda-imba (chivako kupiswa pasi).

Vagari vakarayirwa kuti masuo edzimba kusvika kuipandukira vasingagoni kutiza achitevera. Vanhu utore dzomumusha manheru kana usiku, vakagamuchira zvakanaka anosvika zviuru 3 rubles, kana zvasungirwa 3 months. Vanhu vaigona kuurayiwa nokuda kukuvara teregirafu uye norunhare. Somugumisiro izvi nezvimwewo nezviyero, zviremera akakwanisa vatye pamberi townsfolk uye kumisa kukura vakawanda Moscow vagari rioted.

Vakawanda kuipandukira vaiva musimboti zviitiko muMoscow, uye akazova magamba ehurumende anoparadzirwa munyika kweSoviet. Panguva iyoyo pamwe ndeimwewo Blurred uye wakangamwa zvemashoko SRs uye Mensheviks. Kunyange zvakadaro, muna 1905, kuzvipira kuna neururami ake kwakaratidzwa vavengi vose simba roumambo. Rangarirai zvishamiso ushingi uye vakadzi. Pakati pavo paiva hanzvadzi uye mudzimai vanoshanda, musikana vadzidzi uye kunyange vamwe schoolgirls. Vasikana zvakapa rubatsiro kutanga vakakuvadzwa, uye muchirongwa sangano vigilantes simba.

Petersburg zviitiko

December rechi13 guta rakanga vangangonyudzwa somubvumo atirari moto. Izvi anopfuurira nekuvavaza yaDecember kumukira nezvombo muMoscow. Muchidimbu raportuya kuna St. Petersburg pamusoro mamiriro ezvinhu muguta guru yekare, Dubasov akaramba kuwedzera kumanikidza vapanduki. December 13, vachirwisana pedyo Prokhorov manufactory muna Presnya. 14 uye 15 kudhumhana haana kurega, asi kana pane zvairatidza vokutanga kuti mapato vari waneta partisan hondo. The mukumukira akatanga kurasikirwa tifambirane uye ikozvino akapedza nokuda inertia.

Kunyange zvazvo ropa kwakaitika muMoscow, njodzi kunetsana yakanga kugadziriswa St. Petersburg. In guru, rakanga zvakare sangano iri wavanozvisunga, umo 130,000 vanhu muchirongwa. Zvisinei, muSt Petersburg echimurenga zviitiko kuderera kunyange pamberi Moscow. Somugumisiro, vagari veguta iri Neva vaisagona kutsigira vapanduki paChigaro First.

Asati kanga haina asvika asi nekuti zviremera pachine inoitwa vakawanda kusungwa of Social Democrats uye Socialist-kuipandukira. Vezvemitemo vakuru vakabata okudhindira apo Dynamite chakaitwa. Mapurisa akawana anenge 500 vakagadzirira akagadzirwa mabhomba. Izvi zvombo yose muSt Petersburg uye harina kushandiswa. Kunyanya nokuti kukundikana guru wacho echimurenga vaingobvuma vakakundikana uye Moscow December kumukira nezvombo. A pfupi zvava zviri nani, youmambo yakanga zvakakwana kutumira 15 December muguta mupanduki vavabatsire. By iyoyo muMoscow akagara nzvimbo mbiri chimurenga - Kazan njanji uye yakachena. Back ndokudhonza pamwe nemauto.

The kukundwa of Presnya

Kana pakati December kumukira nezvombo muMoscow ndichiri pachikoro Fiedler uye mhirizhonga chete asvika zvakakomba zvikuru, Nicholas II akaita enyika anofambisa. Maererano nechirevo chake 11 December, vakawedzera uwandu vavhoti vane mavhoti ukakandwa musarudzo kuHurumende Duma (mushure kuchinja zvinhu kodzero dzokuvhota vakagamuchira vashandi vakawanda diki uye nomutoo emakambani). Panguva iyoyowo mauto vaibvumirwa moto rioters pamwe mhenyu zvombo.

December 15 muMoscow kubva guru yasvika Guards Semenov hondo. Zuva rakatevera vakatanga kuvhiyiwa kutsvaira Presnya kubva vigilantes. 21 wekupedzisira muzinda nemishonga yakanga chapedzwa. Zuva hondo akadzvinyirirwa kwakaitika Kazan Railway. kuipandukira vakawanda vakapfurwa pasina kutongwa. Bitterness kumativi ose anogona kugamuchira. Nzvimbo vakapfura kumashure, pavaiita extrajudicial vaiurayiwa uye kuipandukira. Vehurumende kupetura yakachena, rinotungamirirwa mutungamiri Semenov hondo Georgy Ming vakabatana neimwe hondo - Ladoga. The kurwisa of vapanduki aitambudzika. imba imwe neimwe yaifanira kutorwa dutu. A moto kuti takurirwa Presnya musi December 17, dzakavhenekera yose Moscow.

Army akava musimboti kurwisa Prokhorovskaya Tryokhgornaya manufactory. It vakaungana ipapo asara Moscow maximalists. Ivo vakaungana vakapoteredza nhamba "Bear." Saka vatsigiri akadana SR Mikhail Sokolov. Pakazopera kumukirawo Presnya kudzivirira vanhu 200.

gumisiro

Nokusvika kwedzimwe kusimbiswa mumadhimoni guru Moscow, zvakava pachena kuti nokufamba kwenguva kukundwa December kumukira nezvombo. End musi kurwa, izvo vakaungana anenge ose venhau - 21 December. Chimwe 15 dzokutanga vakasarudza kurega kuramba Mensheviks. Ipapo akadana ari vatsigiri vake kuti vaise pasi maoko avo uye Socialist-kuipandukira pamwe Bolsheviks.

Union vanachiremba vaishanda muguta pamazuva kupfuura kwakanyanya kurwisana, zvinofungidzirwa kuti mukakavadzane kwakauraya upenyu zvishoma vanopfuura zviuru 1 vanhu. , Killing vana 86 uye 137 vakadzi. Vakawanda vakaurayiwa vaiva vanhuwo zvavo uye vamirepo. Mauto hunorasika auraya vanhu 28, mapurisa - vanhu 36.

Nokukurumidza pashure kudzvinyirira yokupanduka kuti Krisimasi. Moscow akabata mutambo pakukakavadzana kwose. Vazhinji vanogara akaedza nokukurumidza sezvinobvira kuti kukanganwa zvakaitika uye kudzokera upenyu rehurumende. Zvishoma nezvishoma akava chikamu nhoroondo December vakazvigadzirira chimurenga. Zvinokonzera kurwisana uye migumisiro akaita vatsigiri vechimurenga opedzisira mabasa avo. The mukumukira yaiva nenhamba pfungwa nezvakaitika 1905-1907. Izvi zvakateverwa pachena maitiro. Uyezve, pakati Socialist-kuipandukira, kuti Bolsheviks uye Mensheviks, zvinopesana netsika, pakanga pasina womukati kurwisana uye kutsvaka mhosva vari kukundwa. Vanopikisa zviremera nechokwadi kuti hondo yose pamusoro tsarist hurumende ichiri kuuya.

The Mhirizhonga mudunhu

Kunyange paine maitiro yaDecember vakashongera yemuna kwakavakirwa zviitiko muMoscow, mumazuva nemhirizhonga yakaitika musi arikunze yacho. Izvi zvakaitika kunyange pasinei nokuti kunyange Social Democrats kana Socialist-kuipandukira havasi kuenda kuronga mupanduki chiito mhiri Russia. Mudunhu Moscow kweropa kuzivikanwa achishandisa zvokuita nemashoko mashoma ichiti mishumo mumapepanhau, vashanyi kana tsamba pachavo.

Kunyange zvakadaro, nyika yose yakanga iri kutarisana kunzwa proletarian yokubatana. Naizvozvo, muhomwe duku kupandukira akaonekwa mumaguta akawanda munyika. Muna December, mufaro yakatsvairwa Rostov-on-Don, Sormovo, Kharkov, Novorossiysk, Donbass Gorlovka. The pakukura mudunhu raiva December zvombo yemuna mu Motovilikha - maindasitiri musha pedyo Perm.

Migumisiro yaDecember zviitiko

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, zviitiko muMoscow muna December 1905 akamanikidza Nicholas II kuti zvimwe zvichemo enyika. mufananidzo yaro State Duma vakagamuchira proletariat uye bourgeoisie. Vashandi vakataura pamusoro hurumende, kutanga wakarwira zvakazorodza kwekushanda ezvinhu. Pashure pemhirizhonga yemuna kose wakawedzera mubayiro uye kushanda zuva wacho wakaderedzwa kusvika maawa 10. Mumusha varimi makawana abolition kuti kudzikinurwa kubhadhara kuna landlords.

The mukumukira muMoscow zvakakurudzira upenyu enyika zvakare mu Russia. Kufanana Howa mushure mvura yakatanga kuonekwa bato. Pausiku pokuchinja paiva nemasangano vanenge 35. Mushure Moscow kwebope uye zvimwe zvakaitika 1905-1907. pati vakaverengwa mazana. In ichi amboitika dzokuMadokero nyika kukura nokukurumidza kukurumbira pakati Ultra -: .. The Bolsheviks, yeGutsaruzhinji-kuipandukira, etc. vari achitungamirira yemuna uye vakawana wakadzikama nomukurumbira munyika yakafara proletarian yeChina.