Aviation nhoroondo uye kubudirira. Famous ndege

Fungidzira ano nyika pasina ndege uye ndege zvisingabviri. Kuva mumwe anokosha yesangano pakati zvigadzirwa kwevanhu, ndege akaberekwa kunokwana kunokukura dzevanhu chido chokuva mapapiro shure kwake. Zvirokwazvo madzitateguru edu hope kubhururuka. Kuyemura shiri uye maoko rukabata, vakapa pachavo navo. Kunyange mwana zvechokwadi anotenda kuvapo tarenda zvinobhururuka mano, zvirokwazvo shanje magamba rengano. Dreams huchizadzika chete pashure mireniyumu - apo kwakanga kwakakwana uwandu zivo yesayenzi. The ruzivo runowanikwa iri kosi munhu muzvizhinji kuti kundikana vakaedza izvo zvakaitwa noMusiki wokutanga ndege munyika uye ayo vamutangira, kwaibatsira muzuva redu.

Ornithopter kutanga nzira

Muzana XV remakore, Leonardo da Vinci aiva nechokwadi kuti munhu akunde mhepo nemishonga, ane zvinogona nekumuka mumhepo. Kumubatsira izvi zvichava nemapapiro makuru. Masvomhu uye hwakadzama kudzidza reshiri ndege vakaenda naye pfungwa pakusika zano akadai giraidha. Leonardo da Vinci akaedza kushandisa pfungwa, izvo akafuridzira ake dzose mukonikoni.

Chokwadi chokuti mhepo kwezvakatipoteredza unowanzonzi "gungwa wechishanu", atinzwe zhinji, asi kuti tsananguro nokuda epithet ichi ounyanzvi havagoni kupa zvose. Nhoroondo aeronautics uye avhiyesheni anoyeuka kuti pakati iyi vanoda kukunda asingazivikanwi airspace, paiva vakuru midziyo wengarava zhinji. Zvichida vanoda kudzidza uye unexplored dzezvimwe, asi vakakanda shure dzorudo, zvinokosha kuziva kuti vafambisi vaiva ruzivo zvikuru kunzwisisa michina mano vakaderedza frigates makuru. Kana zvakakodzera, unogona kugadzirisa kana kuvaka ngarava itsva pasina dambudziko. Saka, zvakaitika nyanzvi vezvikepe anobatsira mubishi rakasikwa rokutanga self propelled kure pasi namano.

Modern vehurumende uye vemauto avhiyesheni, vane nhoroondo akapfuma akasiyana-siyana kuedza, vakaenda kuburikidza nokunzwa kuyemurwa uye kuvhiringidzika, kurasikirwa upenyu uye kuvhura mikana mitsva.

Pakuonekwa rokutanga gliders

Pakutanga vakanga XIX remakore paiva vokutanga vasiri Powered gliders. Achitevedzera shiri, vavambi akapa zvisikwa zvake zvakafanana chimiro. Zvisinei, ndege yokutanga vakanga vasingakwanisi kuwana midzi kushandiswa, nokuti chido tonotora incredible kwenguva nokugadzirwa haana korona kubudirira.

Ivo akasundudzira kure pamawere, akakungurutsa pasi kubva kuzvikomo, yarega achibatsirwa namabhiza, asi, pasinei kuedza zviri creators, vakakwanisa kuva vanyori chirongwa chokutanga vapedza mudenga kuti nhoroondo, iyo gare gare akawana zita "avhiyesheni".

History anoyeuka muna 1857 ari mutyairi wokutanga Jean-Marie Les Brie, uyo akakwanisa kusimudza giraidha mudenga, kutyora e100m kukwirira. "Albatross" (saka akadana ake zvekushandisa chinoshamisa), zvichienderana mhepo negwara uye arambe achirema dzedenga makore, aifanira richibhururuka 200 metres.

kubudirira Mozhaiskogo

Russian avhiyesheni kudada ndechokuti Admiral pamusoro rengarava mambo akakwanisa kuvaka ndege yokutanga nepokuongorora hwemvura injini, iyo yakatanga kubva panyika pamwe vomumuzinda ayo munhu. Musiki akamupa aizobudirira zita - ". Vozduholetatelny deko" Kukura nguva mwoyo ndege: bapiro kureba anenge 24 metres, kuti fuselage anenge 15 mamita. Aleksandr Mozhaysky - musiki ndege yokutanga yenyika - akasagona kupedza basa. Asi ayo budiriro vava chinokosha yemberi kukura aeronautics.

The pahwaro American Wright hama

Ruchifanoona kuti napedyo kubudirira, zvakanakisisa vavambi munyika vanovimba zvakaitika yapfuura vawana. Pasina achideredza maoko uye kuramba kutsvaka zvakanakisisa pfungwa, vakaedza kuumba ndege muchina vakareruka uye vane chivimbo mune kudiwa chacho zvitengeswa zvikuru simba injini. Zvisinei, basa iri mapapiro vanonetseka mudziyo haisi zvose. The chinangwa chikuru kwaingova kubhururuka. maitikiro azvakaita kwakadaro arasikirwe upenyu Otto Lilienthal. Muna 1896, giraidha ake ndavhura kubva kwechirwere inopinza vhuvhuta mututu, uye muchina yakadonha kubva kumusoro. Naizvozvo, kufunga zvinofanira kubhadharwa kwete chete kune yakakurumbira ndege, asiwo vaya vanokwanisa kutumira ndege yokutanga.

Bratya Rayt, vanotanga America, vakakwanisa nounyanzvi ruzivo zvinokosha piloting uye akabata pakuenzanisa ndege vadzidza mumhepo pachiteshi. Kunakisa magadzirirwo akanga akadzikama injini kuti Anomhanyira peturu. Pasinei chokwadi kuti ndege unenge usisina kutombofanana ndege ano, asi, zvakanga chakafanana negondo whatnot, zvakanga ndikamuyerera vanenge 300 makirogiramu. Pakutanga ari XX remakore, wokutanga kubudirira nomuedzo "Flyer". Akagara mudenga mumasekonzi 12, Bratya Rayt vakapiwa chiedza zvakasvibirira kuti murume pakugadzirisa kudenga.

Aviation muRussia: pakutanga XX remakore

The mashoma makore akatevera, yose nyika yakanga runozunungutswa kubudirira vokuAmerica, saka kuti nzira yayo budiriro rakaramba avhiyesheni. History nezve kuvheneka misoro, mafirimu vakapfura Parisian opareta bird's-ziso maonero, kushandiswa mabhuku vakazvipira avhiyesheni kuita. Zvisinei, pakuongororwa aeronautical michina okutanga kodzero kunzi daredevils. ndege Russian, maererano vamiririri ayo, zvakanga zvakanaka uye kuchengeteka basa. Somuenzaniso, mune kuvazivisa midziyo mutyairi nguva, Boris Rossinsky varipo essays uye zvaigona ndege. Pakati zvinoitika nguva panguva ndege vainyanya akayeuka kusvuta mafuta. Smoky with utsi, akariita zvisingabviri kufema zvakazara zvokuti mutyairi akanga kubvira nguva nenguva anoshanda kuti mhino amoniya.

Uyezve, kushaya mabhureki aviator kumanikidzwa kusvetukira kubva mberi pamusoro vanoenda.

Kuunza Sikorsky - Russian gamba

Sezvo kushanda American "Flyer" akatora makore akawanda, uye munharaunda yeRussian Empire vane zvipfuwo kugadzirwa kubhururuka michina hwakagadzwa pane mukuru pamwero. Zvino kwakange wokutanga mutakurwi ndege, waiva musiki Igor Sikorsky. Zvizere maererano nezita raro munhau, "Ilya Muromets" aiva hofori vezera ake. Mukuwedzera, mukati akasiyana nezvaiitika kusvikira mamiriro: akawanda dzekurara, Kuwanikwa chimbuzi uye chimbudzi, magetsi uye kudziyisa. bvunzo Its yokutanga inoshanda "Ilya Muromets" yakaitwa wechando wa1914. Ekune vakatakurwa vane imbwa mubhazi vacho yakawanda mupfungwa kubva kutiza, pashure izvo ndege akaita abudirire kumhara. Mwedzi mitanhatu gare gare, hwomutambarakede aircrafts vaifanira kutora basa Ndege kutora chikamu mune World War First.

Record dungwerungwe Tupoleva

Kunozivikanwa svosve-25 iri mune Chkalovsky miziyamu hanga. Kamwe ndege kuyemurwa uye kucherechedzwa nemhaka guru mutsvuku mapapiro. Mukuru Russian ndege mugadziri Andrei Tupolev akanga paakavapa dzakawanda mibayiro kuti zvinokosha mupiro kukura avhiyesheni.

Valery Chkalov, akakurumbira vezvikepe Soviet muna 1937 vakakwanisa kumisa chikwata ichi chaiyo kure zvinyorwa. Zvadaro, svosve-25 vakatenga zita chete yakadaro yechipiri. Kubva Moscow kuna Vancouver kure anenge 8500 makiromita, uye brainchild pamusoro Tupolev ndege akakwanisa kukunda mune imwe mweya.

Air tangi IL2

Il-2 akava nomukurumbira muHondo Yenyika II. Akanga kutya nevaNazi, sezvo Nde mhepo kudzivirira varwi muSoviet hondo yacho. Kuvanza mauto ake pamwe pfuti, zvigwagwagwa uye zvitundumuseremusere, akatungamirira Army mberi. Imwe yacho zvakanaka pachena raiva simba dzokurwa, izvo anobvumira vanodzima yokudzivisa nayo kurwisa muvengi Germany. Nemhaka simba ndege yavo chitsama nyaya rakakunda dzimwe rechiuto dzomuzana.

Mwero U-2

Pakazosvika forties zviri XX remakore muSoviet Union aiva vaitungamirira ndege akasika vasingaverengeki kurwisa ndege, asi kwete chete navo kuronzesa kudzivirirwa denga yeSoviet.

Pamwe navo vaiitawo muhondo ichibhururuka michina izvo chinangwa zvinangwa rugare. Pakati pavo nzvimbo rukudzo akatora U-2. mwero yokurovedza ndege iyi yakanga zvigaro zviviri, akanga zvachose kwete whimsical kushandisa uye kukwanisa kunyika iri dzaizopiwa chinangwa ichi. Mukuwedzera, ndege akafarirwa ayo maneuverability uye tihost. Izvi akabvumira anenge noiselessly vezvikepe mauto zvinokambaira kune muvengi murima uye vakashandisa nokurova.

Kusiyaniswa pachavo muhondo muna 1943, U-2 akave nokugamuchira insignia uye zita idzva. Vachikudza Nikolai Polikarpov, yakakurumbira ndege, yose Soviet nzvimbo, rakanga kunzi Po-2.

mhedziso

Multi-faceted avhiyesheni nhoroondo ine zvakawanda mienzaniso yakanaka uye bhuku mazano, kusanganisira zvakanakisisa anosimudza, ndege rehurumende uye murwi jets achiri.
Hatigoni kutaura pamusoro yakashongedzwa airliner-144 Tu 1968 gore, kuti Ndege yehondo third-25 nzvimbo ndege "Columbia" uye "Buran". An budiriro kwaikosha kushandiswa dzakadai mutemo maturusi sezvo drones.

Kana murume akarota kamwe kwaakanga nendege, chido kudzokorora muupenyu chaihwo havana kumusiya nokusingaperi. Unogona kuzadzisa hope kungoramba ari mufambi ndege, kana kugamuchira dzidzo yakakodzera, kuramba kugara ari achidzora, kana kuva mukuru ndege wakachenjera.