Dzheyms Chedvik: Biography, mapikicha, buri

Sir Dzheyms Chedvik (Photo wakatorwa munyaya) - Chirungu yefizikisi uye akahwina mubayiro weNobel, uyo akawana mukurumbira pashure yawanikwa Nyuturoni. Kwaita unopfuura akachinja wefizikisi iyoyo uye akabvumira masayendisiti kusika zvinhu zvitsva, asiwo kwakaita kuti kuwanikwa fission yenyukireya uye kushandiswa kwayo nokuda zvechiuto uye zvinangwa rugare. Chadwick aiva muboka British masayendisiti, uyo panguva Second World War US vakabatsira kukudziridza mabhomba bhambu.

Dzheyms Chedvik: pfupi Biography

Chadwick akaberekerwa Bollingtone, Cheshire, England, October 20, 1891, mwanakomana Dzhona Dzhozefa uye Anne Meri Noulz. Akadzidza ari yeko dzokutanga uye Manchester paruzhinji dzakakwirira zvikoro. The gumi vakagamuchira bhezari paUniversity of Manchester. James aida kudzidza masvomhu, asi zvisiri vakapinda yokusuma hurukuro pamusoro wefizikisi uye vanyoresa dzakagadzirirwa ichi. Pakutanga, aitya nezvechisarudzo ake, asi pashure negore yokudzidza yokutanga, akawana kosi kunakidza. Chadwick akanga akanyoresa kirasi Ernest Rutherford, apo iye akadzidza magetsi uye remagineti uye akazogadzwa zvebudiriro James tsvakurudzo chirongwa pamusoro radioactive maatomu akafanana Radium.

mangwanani zvidzidzo

Dzheyms Chedvik kudzidza muna 1911 uye akaramba kushanda Rutherford pamusoro Absorção de Água kuti wegamma mwaranzi pamwe dhigirii tenzi muna 1913. foromani vakabatsira chinangwa chake kutsvakurudza kwaanoita, zvaida basa kumwe. Akasarudza kudzidza muBerlin pamwe Hans Geiger, uyo akashanyira Manchester panguva James akagamuchira dhigirii tenzi wacho. Panguva iyi, Chadwick akasimbisa kuvapo kuramba chakarondedzera Beta mwaranzi kuti mwoyo vatsvakurudzi uye kwakaita kuti yawanikwa neutrino.

Stay mumusasa

Nguva pfupi asati World War First, kana zviito mauto akanga chisingadzivisiki, Geiger Chadwick akanyevera kuti akadzokera kuEngland nokukurumidza sezvinobvira. James akanga asinganzwisisi kambani mazano pakufamba ndikarivara kusvikira pakuguma hondo ari mumusasa POW German. Mumakore mashanu mujeri Chadwick akakwanisa kutaurirana navarindi uye kuitisa zvinokosha tsvakurudzo fluorescence.

Basa iri Cavendish Laboratory

Dzheyms Chedvik, ane Biography chiri wefizikisi aiva zvose mikana kuti kupera muna 1918, nemhaka kuitwa Rutherford akadzokera nesainzi, uye akasimbisa kuti musimboti aitarisira akanga akaenzana mabhomba nhamba. Muna 1921 akanga paakavapa rimwe tsvakurudzo internship kuCambridge College Gonville uye Keyes, uye gore rakatevera vakava mubatsiri Rutherford panguva Cavendish Laboratory.

Kushanda mazuva ose, iye achiri kuwanikwa nguva yokutsvakurudza, nhungamiro iro rose rakanga chinorehwa nemashoko Rutherford. Chadwick uye mudzimai mhedziso Charles D. Ellis ipapo akaramba zvidzidzo muna Utatu College uye Rutherford, kuferefeta transmutation zvinhu kana vachiwana Alpha nezvimedu (nehelium nuclei). Zvokutsvakurudza chikwata kuVienna, akashuma migumisiro kuti Hakupindirani humboo vakawana neDare Cavendish rabhoritari, kururama iro rave Zvimwe akadzivirira ne mamwe kuedza Chadwick nevamwe vake.

Muna 1925, James akazoroora Aileen Stewart-Brown. Vaviri vacho vakaberekwa mapatya vanasikana.

Pakati pezana 1920s Dzheyms Chedvik vakaperekedza kwakaita kuputsanya Arifa inoramba iri chipfuro muchadya kubva nesimbi, kusanganisira goridhe uye uranium exchange, uye ipapo vakawanda nehelium ane chinoumba ane chete guru pamwe Arifa inoramba. Vaparadzirwa akanga asymmetric, uye Chadwick akatsanangura nayo muna 1930 sechinhu quantum chinoshamisa.

Yawanikwa Nyuturoni

Kare muna 1920, Rutherford akataura kuvapo imwe inoramba electrically kwazvakarerekera inonzi neutrons kutsanangura nezvokuvapo rehydrogen isotopes. Taitenda kuti PARTICIPLE ichi une imwe Erekitironi uye hwepurotoni, asi nyaya murwiyo haina kuwanikwa.

Muna 1930, kwakanga vakawana kuti kana tichiona chiedza nuclei Alpha mwaranzi chaibwinya polonium panomuka rakapinza nemwaranzi pasina yemagetsi muripo. Yaifanira wegamma mwaranzi. Zvisinei, kana uchishandisa beryllium chipfuro mwaranzi vakanyanya kakawanda rakapinza kupfuura kushandisa zvimwe zvinhu. Muna 1931, Chadwick uye bhururu wake Webster akataura kuti kwazvakarerekera mwaranzi chaizvoizvo uchapupu kuvapo Nyuturoni.

Muna 1932, vaviri vakaroorana Vatsvakurudzi Iren Kyuri uye Frederika Zholio akaratidza kuti beryllium nemwaranzi yakanga yakawanda rakapinza kupfuura avo kushumwa ne Vatsvakurudzi zvapfuura, asi naivowo akaritumidza wegamma mwaranzi. Dzheyms Chedvik verenga mashoko uye chatangwa kushanda dzemaitirwe yokusava PARTICIPLE guru, iro vaizokwanisa kutsanangura ichangobva zvabuda. Akashandisa beryllium nemwaranzi kuti kunotutirwa siyana zvinhu uye akawana kuti migumisiro zvinoenderana pokudzora kwomudzimu kwazvakarerekera nezvimedu vane gobvu anenge kufanana kuti vakawanda hwepurotoni. Yaiva experimental nokusimbisa kuvapo Nyuturoni. Muna 1925 nokuti kubudirira ichi, Chadwick akagamuchira Nobel Prize muna wefizikisi.

Kubva Nyuturoni renyukireya maitiro

Nyuturoni rave vakakurumidza rava Kunoshandiswa yefizikisi kurishandisa zvinopfuura emaatomu ezvinhu okunze vavo kusanduka, saka chokwadi mhosva neerekitironi haina vamutye. Saka, Chadwick akagadzirira nzira fission kuti uranium exchange-235 uye zvombo zvenyukireya. Muna 1932, kuti inokosha kuwanikwa akanga paakavapa ari Hughes menduru, uye muna 1935 Nobel Prize. Ipapo akaziva kuti Hans Falkenhagen akawana Nyuturoni panguva iyoyo naye, asi akatya kubudisa mhinduro dzavo. nyanzvi yokuGermany nokuzvininipisa akaramba chikumbiro kuudza Nobel Prize, zvakamupa Dzheyms Chedvik.

Yawanikwa Nyuturoni yakabatsira asike transuranic zvinhu murabhoritari. Izvi zvakaita kuti kuwanikwa akahwina mubayiro weNobel Enrico Fermi zvenyukireya siyana kunokonzerwa anononoka neutrons, uye kuwanikwa zviri mishonga German Otto Hahn uye Strassmann pamusoro fission zvenyukireya, waiva mugumisiro rakasikwa zvombo zvenyukireya.

Basa maatomu bhomba

Muna 1935, Dzheyms Chedvik akava purofesa wefizikisi paUniversity Liverpool. Maererano kwakaitwa gwaro pamusoro Frisch-Peierls muna 1940 feasibility pave bhomba yenyukireya , akagadzwa kuti Maud Committee kuongorora nyaya iyi zvizere. Muna 1940 akashanyira North America pautumwa Tizard kutanga pamwe pakutsvakurudza kwenyukireya. Paakadzokera Britain, akasarudza kuti hazvishandi kusvikira hondo yapera.

Muna December gore iroro Frensis Saymon, uyo akashanda ari Maud, vakawana mukana kuparadzanisa isotope uranium exchange-235. In mushumo ake akataura uchimutarira uye michina nokurondedzerwa nokuda kusikwa hombe zvebhizimisi kuti uranium exchange vapfume. Chadwick akazonyora kuti chete ipapo vakaziva kuti bhomba yenyukireya zvaiita kwete chete asi kunotoitika. Kubvira aifanira kutanga kutora vakarara mapiritsi. James uye kazhinji vaitsigira boka U-235 bhomba, uye mvumo ayo kusunungurwa diffusion pamusoro isotope U-238.

gumisiro upenyu

Nokukurumidza akaenda Los Alamos, kumuzinda Manhattan Project, uye pamwe Niels Bohr akapa zano zvinokosha kuti Developers pakati maatomu mabhomba paHiroshima neNagasaki. Chedvik Dzheyms, vane zvakawanikwa vane akanyatsosiyana mararamiro munhoroondo yevanhu, muna 1945, akanga knighted.

Pakapera Hondo Yenyika II, akadzokera pambiru yake Liverpool. Chadwick akasiya muna 1958. Vapedza North Wales makore gumi, akadzokera Cambridge muna 1969, apo akafa July 24, 1974.