Generation kombiyuta: tafura, maitiro uye nhoroondo. Chii chinorehwa neshoko rokuti "chizvarwa kombiyuta"?

The chidzoke makombiyuta ano, yatiri vakajaira, pashure rose shanduka kukura noruzivo rwemakombiyuta. Maererano nevakawanda pfungwa, kukura kombiyuta indasitiri akaenda kuburikidza akasiyana zvizvarwa zvakawanda.

Nyanzvi Modern chiwanzo chokudavira kuti avo matanhatu. Vashanu vavo kwatoitika, imwe - munzira. Chii chaizvo okuti "chizvarwa makombiyuta" kunzwisisa IT-unyanzvi? Ndezvipi chinokosha kusiyana nomumwe nguva kugadzira zvigadzirwa kombiyuta?

Background kuti chidzoke ari kombiyuta

Nhoroondo kombiyuta nokuda 5 kumarudzi, pave dzinonakidza uye zvinonakidza. Asi tisati kuongorora payo, zvichaita zvinobatsira kuziva chokwadi chokuita chii asati kukura kwezvinhu mhinduro makombiyuta.

Vanhu vagara vachitsvaka kuvandudza nzira nechokuita Masvomhu, Masvomhu. Vezvenhau vakawana kuti zvekushandisa kuti kushanda nenhamba, une zvokuimba hunhu, vakanga yakagadzirwa muIjipiti yekare uye mamwe anoti kare. KuMiddle Ages, vavambi European kuti kugadzira kune nzira iyo, zvikurukuru, aigona akaverenga periodicity pamusoro making mafungu emvura.

The kumumvuri makombiyuta ano, dzimwe nyanzvi dzinofunga akazogadzira mukuvamba kwezana remakore rechi19 muchina Babbage, ane kadambari zvirongwa mabasa. In rechi19 uye pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 paiva namano kuti zvemagetsi rakashandiswa. Vari kunyanya mune indasitiri, runhare uye redhiyo.

Muna 1915 akatamira kune US mubvakure German Herman Hollerith nheyo kambani IBM, akazova mumwe kupfuura kucherechedzwa mavanga IT-indasitiri. Zvezvisarudzo shamisa zvigadzirwa Herman Hollerith simbi punchi makadhi, kwemakumi emakore sezvo chikuru akaendesa mashoko kana uchishandisa zvigadzirwa kombiyuta. By kuguma 30s paiva ruzivo kutaura pamusoro pakutanga kombiyuta yaitonga kukura yebudiriro kwevanhu. makombiyuta kutanga akazviratidza, izvo akazova Classified savari kune "chizvarwa chokutanga".

Zviratidzo kombiyuta

Chinokosha zvikuru yokuona nayo classifying munhu kadambari mudziyo kunotsvaga makombiyuta, kana nyanzvi kombiyuta vanodana programmability. Izvi chaienzanirana mhando muchina, zvikurukuru, vakasiyana macalculator, zvisinei kuti simba kana vakanga okupedzisira. Kunyange kana totaura mapurogiramu yakaderera chaizvo sandara, kana kushandisa "ndivo uye zeros" - chokuratidza kushanda. Saizvozvowo, achangopera michina vakange yagadzirwa, zvichida, chitarisiko chavo zvikuru akafanana karukureta, asi zvinogona chiite - vakadaidzwa makombiyuta.

Shoko rokuti "chizvarwa kombiyuta" zvinoreva, kazhinji kombiyuta chomumwe chaiwo rwokugadzira inotungamirwa. Ndiko, mumwe yakavakirwa Hardware zvinogadzirisa, yakavakirwa iyo kombiyuta iri kumhanya. Panguva iyoyowo, yakavakirwa nezvezviri dzataurwa nokuda nyanzvi pakati IT-weboka norudzi makombiyuta iri kure kwakajairika (kunyange Chokwadi, pane Transitional siyana makombiyuta, izvo zvakaoma zvisingarevi zvakawanda anonzi chero chaiyo muchikwata).

Apedza yokungotaura digression, tinogona kutanga kuongorora chizvarwa makombiyuta. Netafura, pasi, kuchatibatsira kufamba dzose periodization.

Next ticharamba kutarira kwesayenzi zvaiva makombiyuta kuti woga woga. We iine zvizvarwa makombiyuta achazviisa. Tafura tasvika ikozvino, achapiwa vaisanganisa nevamwe, izvo zvichaita kuti ukama muchikwata akakodzera uye muitiro parameters.

Tinoona kukosha caveat - zvinotevera nezvavanofunga anoenderana zvikurukuru shanduka makombiyuta, izvo zvino kazhinji raireva munhu. Pane zvidzidzo zvakasiyana zvachose makombiyuta - echiuto, maindasitiri. Kune vanonzi "supercomputers". chidzoke dzavo uye kukura - ari oga nyaya.

The makombiyuta kutanga

Muna 1938, injiniya German Konrad Tsuze constructs zano yainzi Z1, uye 42nd anosunungura zvayo nani shanduro - Z2. Muna 1943, mumwe pakuverenga muchina akazogadzira Chirungu uye kumutumidza "Colossus". Dzimwe nyanzvi chiwanzo chokudavira Britain German muchina kombiyuta yekutanga. Muna 1944, kwakavakirwa ungwaru kubva kuGermany kuumba kadambari muchina sezvo vokuAmerica. Muhurukuro US kombiyuta rinonzi "Mark I".

Muna 1946, mainjiniya American vari kuita diki yechimurenga magadzirirwe noruzivo rwemakombiyuta, kutanga Vacuum chubhu kombiyuta ENIAC, 1,000 nguva hunobudirira kupfuura "Mark I". Imwe budiriro akakurumbira American vakava yakatangwa muna 1951 neboka kombiyuta, ainzi Uniake. Its chikuru chinhu ndechokuti aiva kombiyuta yekutanga raishandiswa dzokutengesa chigadzirwa.

Panguva iyoyo, nenzira, kombiyuta yako kare wekuvamba mainjiniya Soviet kushanda panguva Academy of Sciences rweUkraine. budiriro dzedu inonzi SECM. waivako Its, maererano nyanzvi, aiva soro pakati makombiyuta vakaungana Europe.

Kwesayenzi zviri wokutanga chizvarwa makombiyuta

Chaizvoizvo, pahwaro Inzirai pakutsvaga chizvarwa chokutanga makombiyuta? Kwakadaro IT-vanachiremba funga, pakutanga kwezvose, nechepasi chezvinonhuwira muchimiro Vacuum sepombi. wokutanga chizvarwa michina uyewo nhaka zvinoverengeka mamirire chokunze zvinhu - chihombe saizi, guru kwazvo simba rakawanda.

simba ravo kadambari kwakawedzerwawo nekaupenyu mwero, zvakanga anoverengeka zviuru Hertz. Zvisinei, chizvarwa chokutanga makombiyuta ine zvinhu zvakawanda makombiyuta ano. Zvikurukuru, ichi muchina waiita kuti purogiramu mirayiro uyewo mashoko achinyora mundangariro (kushandisa punchi makadhi electrostatic sepombi).

chizvarwa chokutanga makombiyuta inoda chemhando dzevanhu unyanzvi, kuzvishandisa. Kunodiwa kwete chete kune nhaka unyanzvi unyanzvi (anotaurwa kushanda punchi makadhi, ruzivo muchina code, etc.), asi, sezvo murume mutemo, uyewo Engineering ruzivo mumunda Electronics.

Chizvarwa chokutanga makombiyuta, sezvatakagamuchira akati, akanga atova RAM. Zvisinei, bhuku rayo aiva mwero, iye achiisa vamazana, panguva yakanakisisa - muzviuru bytes. Wokutanga ndangariro modules kuti makombiyuta vaisagona semhosva wemagetsi zvinoriumba. Vakazadzwa midziyo yose nemekiyuri dziri sepombi. ndangariro crystals akanga akatarira zvavo zvatichakurukura, uye pakudaro humboo zvabatwa. Zvisinei, zvikuru nokukurumidza pashure nokugadzirwa rokutanga makombiyuta akazviratidza zvakawanda yepamusoro ndangariro anotsanangura ferrite cores.

chizvarwa chechipiri makombiyuta

Ndeipi pakuzadzisa nhoroondo kombiyuta? Generation makombiyuta akatanga kuva pamusoro. The 60s zviri kuparadzira makombiyuta kushandisa Vacuum sepombi kwete chete, asiwo semiconductors. Sezvineiwo kwakawedzera wachi maitikiro chip - vaiona zvaigara chakarurama 100 zviuru Hertz uye pamusoro .. Wekutanga ndokusvika rinobva dhisiki serimwe rinogona kutsiva chibhakera makadhi. Muna 1964 IBM kambani asunungurwa godu rakasiyana chigadzirwa - imwevo kombiyuta tarisisa pamwe dzakatsarukana maitiro zvakakwana - 12-padiki diagonal, chisarudzo pamusoro 1024 ne 1024 pixels uye fefeta yevanhu 40 Hz.

Generation nhamba nhatu

Chizvarwa kunoshamisa chetatu makombiyuta? Chokutanga, akaisa kombiyuta yako nemarambi uye semiconductors revatema matunhu, izvo, kunze pamakombiyuta, dzave kushandiswa dzakasiyana-siyana nezvimwe zvemagetsi.

Kokutanga mukana Integrated nematunhu wawakaratidzwa kunyika nokuedza injiniya Jack Kilby uye kambani Texas Instruments muna 1959. Jack akasika duku maumbirwo aumba pasi bwendefa negermanium simbi, izvo zvinofanirwa kuti kutsiva zvakaoma semiconductor mazano. Uyewo, Texas Instruments kambani akasika kombiyuta, akaungana pachishandiswa zvinyorwa izvi. Most ruripo, zvakanga 150 nguva shoma pane zvakafanana kuita semiconductor kombiyuta. Integrated redunhu zvemichina yambokurukurwa mberi. Rinokosha ichi wakapata kudzidza Roberta Noysa.

Izvi Hardware zvinoriumba vanobvumirwa, pakutanga kwezvose, kuti kuderedza kukura makombiyuta. Somugumisiro, paiva kuwedzera kombiyuta unongotaura. Wechitatu chizvarwa makombiyuta dzinoratidzwa pakabudiswa kombiyuta ine wachi kakawanda, akaratidza kare megahertz. Akaderedza simba zvinodyiwa uye makombiyuta.

Hatina nani date kurekodha zvemichina uye processing navo RAM modules. Kana RAM, ferrite zvinhu kuva capacious, yemazuva ano yepamusoro. Pane prototypes pakutanga, uye zvino wokutanga shanduro diskettes kushandiswa kwokunze okuchengetera svikiro. Mavakirwo PC akazviratidza cache pamyat.Standartnoy ezvinhu kudyidzana pakati inodzidzisa uye kombiyuta aiva kuratidza hwindo.

It rakauyazve kuvandudzika Software zvinoriumba. Paiva dzakazara uchishandisa hurongwa yakanga yakataurwa zvikuru siyana chikumbiro software, takanga akatanga multitasking pfungwa pabasa kombiyuta. Wechitatu-chizvarwa makombiyuta kuonekwa mapurogiramu akadai Database Kutarisira mugadziriro, uye Software kuti kushandisa michina zvakagadzirwa basa. Pane zvakawanda zvirongwa mitauro uye runyararo mukati izvo kusikwa software.

chechina-chizvarwa zvinhu

Rudzi rwechina makombiyuta kunoratidzwa ne kwaita Integrated mumatunhu kuva mukirasi guru, uyewo zvinonzi pamwero guru kwazvo. Mavakirwo PC akazviratidza kutungamirira Chip - processor. Makombiyuta ari configuration pedyo vanhuwo vagari. Kushandiswa yavo yaitwa zvinogoneka shoma zvinodiwa kudzidzisa, pandaishanda kombiyuta yapfuura zvizvarwa zvaida unyanzvi. RAM modules dzakabudiswa kwete maererano ferrite okunze, uye maererano CMOS-chip. By wechina chizvarwa makombiyuta uye unogamuchirwa kuna wokutanga kombiyuta Apple, inounganidzwa muna 1976 na Steve Jobs uye Stefanom Voznyakom. Vazhinji IT-nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti Apple - wokutanga pachavo kombiyuta munyika.

Wechina chizvarwa makombiyuta uyewo rakaenderana popularization Indaneti. Panguva iyo kwaiva zvakanakisisa kuzivikanwa muchiso nhasi Software bhizimisi - Microsoft. Kuva wokutanga shanduro uchishandisa hurongwa kuti tinoziva nhasi - Windows, MacOS. Computers vava nevakawanda rinoparadzirwa pose.

Zera wechishanu

Ichatonga zvine mbiri wechina chizvarwa makombiyuta - nemakore mukupera 80s. Asi mukutanga 90s pamusoro IT-Michina musika muitiro akatanga kutora nzvimbo, iyo akabvumira kutanga kuverenga chizvarwa chitsva makombiyuta. Tiri kutaura zvinokosha matanho mberi, kunyanya engineering zvekushandisa nokubudirira, akabatanidza kune processor. Chip akitekicha akazviratidza kwakakonzerwa norudzi yakafanana vector.

Chizvarwa rechishanu makombiyuta - zviri zvisingatendeseki kumhanya muchina negoho kukura gore negore. Kana pakutanga 90 kuti wachi kumhanya microprocessors mashoma makumi ezviuru megahertz, kwainzi chiratidzo chakanaka, kubudikidza pakutanga 2000s, hapana akashamisika gigahertz. Computers kuti tinoshandisa nhasi, ari vakatenda kuti IT-nyanzvi - uyu chizvarwa rechishanu makombiyuta. Kureva kwezvinhu pokutangira mangwanani 90 achiri kushanda.

PC vechigaro wechishanu chizvarwa, vava kwete makombiyuta, uye mukuru-mugiredhi multi-nevezvenhau Ezvemutauro. Kwavari zvaibvira pagomo mafirimu, kushanda pamwe zvifananidzo, chinyorwa uye konzera inzwi nokusika ouinjiniya zvirongwa kumhanya sezvazviri 3D-mitambo.

Zvakakurukurwa kuchizvarwa rechitanhatu

Mune foreseeable ramangwana, maererano vaongorori, tinogona kutarisira kuti 6 chizvarwa makombiyuta vachaonekwa. Zvichava hwake nokushandisa Neural zvinhu zviri mavakirwo machipisi vachishandisa processors ari vakaparadzira network.

Performance makombiyuta ari runotevera kuchaita kuyerwa, zvichida, isingachashandi gigahertz, asi mune vangasimudzira yakasiyana mhando kukarukureta dzakabatana.

Feature kuenzanisa

Takadzidza zvizvarwa zvemakombiyuta. Tafura iri pasi ichatibvumira kuti tive nekombiyuta makombiyuta ari kune imwe kana imwe chikwata uye nheyo yehutaneti iyo basa ravo rakagadzirirwa. Izvo zvinotarisirwa zvinotevera:

Kuratidzwa kwekugadzirisa kwekubudirira uye imwe chizvarwa chekombiyuta inogonawo kubatsira. Tafura yatichazogadzira ikozvino inoratidzawo muenzaniso uyu. Isu tinotora sechikonzero ichocho parameter sehuwandu hweawa.

Nokudaro, isu taona vhesi yekodhiki yezvinhu zvekombiyuta. Tafura, chero ipi zvayo yakataurwa nesu, ichatibatsira kubatanidza zviyero zvakakosha uye chikamu chakasiyana chemakombiyuta achitaura kune imwe kana imwe danho rekugadzirwa kwekombiyuta yekombiyuta.