Hoover Dam. Hoover Dam muUnited States: kuvaka history, tsananguro, Photo

Hoover Dam chinhu hydraulic marongerwo uye Hydroelectric simba chirimwa muUnited States. Zvakange yakavakwa dzapasi kunosvika of Colorado River. Kukwirira mai iri 221 m. Zviri Black Canyon, pamusoro mamiriro Nevada , uye Arizona. Yainzi mune kukudzwa 31 fung mutungamiri - Herbert Hoover, uyo akaita basa rinokosha pakurigadzira. Kuvakwa mai kwakaitika muna 1931-1936 gg.

Hoover Dam ari kushanda ne rezvemukati US Bureau of Reclamation Division. Zviri imwe yakakurumbira zvinokwezva Las Vegas.

prehistory

Kusvikira nguva kuvakwa mai yacho Colorado (River) kazhinji akaratidza twi hunhu waro. Munguva kwechando utsotso mumakomo chinowanzoonekwa nemafashamo dzinotaurwa varimi vari nomurwizi. Designers vanodavira kuti kuvakwa madhamu kubatsira wokukwenenzvera nokufamba murwizi revarombo. Uyezve, zvaikarirwa kuti dura achasundira kukura kwakaita unodiridzwa zvokurima uye kuva kunobva mvura munzvimbo zhinji Southern California.

Mumwe mukuru vhiringidza Implementation chirongwa vaimiririra mamiriro kupokana, muColorado bheseni. River, zvakananga ayo mvura mari vakanga zvakaenzana akagoverwa pakati vatengi. Paiva pfungwa California, nenhumbi dzayo simba uye mari, kuti aise vanoti unorema mvura matura dura.

Nokuda kwaizvozvi, basa akasikwa, izvo zvaisanganisira mumiririri mumwe nomumwe achimiririra States hanya uyewo vamiririri kubva batana hurumende. basa ravo rava signatories kuna Convention of Colorado River. Rakanga wakaiswa nzira kugovera mvura mari. Izvi rwakagadzirira nzira pakuvaka mai.

Kuvakwa hydraulic maumbirwo pamwero uyu zvaida kushandiswa zvinokosha pfuma nehurumende bhajeti. Bhiri yakanga aifarirwa mari yacho White House uye US neDare reSeneti pakarepo. Muna 1928, Calvin Coolidge akasaina bhiri achipa go-mberi nokuda Implementation basa iri. The allocations pakutanga dzinounzwa kuti kuvakwa makore 2 chete gare gare. President ipapo paiva Gerbert Guver.

The Hurongwa akadana kuvaka dhamu pana Nedombo (Colorado rwizi kanjoni). Uye kunyange pakupedzisira kwakasarudzwa kuzomisa nayo muna Black Canyon, chirongwa pakuzivikanwa se Nedombo Canyon Project.

kuvaka

Rokuvaka madhamu mumutsetse yave mhosva makambani akawanda. Pakati pavo: Six Companies, Inc., Morrison-Knudsen Company; Utah Construction Company; Pacific Bridge Company; Henry J. Kaiser & WA Bechtel Company; MacDonald & Kahn Ltd., JF Shea Company.

kushanda

Okumusoro akanga akapindwa nezviuru vashandi (muna 1934 kufadza nhamba zvasvika vanhu 5251). Pasi chibvumirano, haana kubvumirwa kushanda mubayiro vashandi Chinese uye uwandu varwi vatema havana kupfuudza vanhu 30, pavakanga vaita rinonyanya havaratidzi akabhadhara mabasa. Zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti pedyo dhamu vavaki ichavakwa taundi duku, asi purogiramu yacho yakagadziridzwa achitsigira kuwedzera mabasa uye kuti basa rikurumidze (kuderedza kwemabasa, waiva mugumisiro Depression). Nokuda kwaizvozvi, nguva vasvike Varwi vaya vokutanga guta haana kugadzirira asi, uye mai vavaki yezhizha wokutanga kupedzerwa mumisasa.

Ngozi kushanda ezvinhu uye dzimba kuvakwa kunonoka kwakaguma wavanozvisunga, kwakaitika muna 1931. Panguva iyo vashandi vakapararira nechisimba (nemapurisa vaishandisa batons nezvombo). Zvisinei, kumhanya kuvakwa muguta, kwakasarudzwa kuti rikurumidze, uye muchirimo gore rinouya, vanhu dzapinda kumatende zvachose. Kubheja, chipfambi uye kutengeswa doro zvakarambidzwa paivakwa nguva Nedombo City. Kurambidzwa Last pano akagara kusvikira 1969. Kubheja ari bhizimisi pano haana kutsunga nhasi, zvichiita Nedombo City chete guta rehurumende Nevada, iyo inoshanda kurambidzwa yakadaro.

kushanda mamiriro

Hoover Dam, mufananidzo zviri munyaya ino, yakavakwa yakaomesesa ezvinhu. Vamwe basa kwakaitika tunnels, apo vashandi airwara carbon monoxide, izvo pano vakanga yakawanda (vamwe vavaki saka vakanga vafa kana vava vakaremara). The mushandirwi ari ipapo akataura kuti rufu wakava mugumisiro nemabayo, uye haagoni kunzi mhosva. Zvichakadaro, kuvakwa mai rakanga chivakwa yokutanga yakanga yapiwa kuti vashandi vakachengeteka nengowani.

Paivakwa mai (mai) akauraya anokwana vanhu 96. Pakutanga vavo aiva pachivakwa George. Tierney, uyo vakanyura pakupera 1922 muColorado, achisarudza zvakanaka nzvimbo yokuvaka. Sezvineiwo, ichangobva kurohwa mai akazviratidza Patrik Tirni, mwanakomana wake, uyo akafa makore 30 gare gare, yawira kubva spillway shongwe.

rokutanga basa

Kuvakwa mai mai akanga aronga pamuganhu pakati Arizona uye Nevada mu rakamanikana kanjoni. Kutora mvura kurutivi mugero 4 akasikwa kubva achitandadza kuvakwa. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti zvachose urefu 4.9? Km. Muna 1931, basa rokuvaka rakatanga tunnels pachavo. Ivo ape yakaitwa kubva kongiri, pakukora raiva 0,9 m, yokuti anobatsira dhayamita pakati yaisvitsa migero yakasvika 15.2 m.

Tunnels pashure kuvaka yakanga zvishoma makavhara "kuparidzirwa" chakagadzirwa nekongiri uye dzimwe nguva rinoshandiswa itangezve zvakawandisa mvura. Chokwadi chokuti spillway haisi kuburikidza nomuviri mai, uye kuburikidza tunnels kuti dziri munzvimbo pamatombo, anopa kutsiga yose mamiriro.

Kuvakwa madhamu, caissons

Kudzivisa zvichibvira mafashamo, uyewo voga pakati yokuvakira dzakavakwa 2-nebhokisi rakanga dhamu. Yokumusoro dhamu akatanga kuvaka muna 1932, kunyange zvazvo panguva iyoyo allocating tunnels hadzina yapera.

Kuti pave nechokwadi njodzi oparesheni isati yavakwa matanho akasiyana-siyana kuti kubvisa madziro kanjoni vakanga vakatakura kubva pamatombo uye nokusazvibata mabwe nhema; vakanga vasanyanya ne Dynamite pakutanga uye kukandwa kure pasi.

Kuvaka kongiri dhamu

Mujinga mai wokutanga kongiri dzakadururwa muna 1933. Nokuti ayo kugadzirwa dzakafukurwa inotevera munda asiri esimbi zvinhu. Uyezve, kunyanya nokuti kongiri zvirimwa dzakavakwa.

Sezvo nokushanda pamwero uyu haana kare akaita (zvinokosha kuziva kuti hapana nyika mai vasingagoni kuenzaniswa rapanzvimbo chivakwa), nhamba unyanzvi zvinogadzirisa wakashandiswa muitiro dzaifara nemamwe. Somuenzaniso, mumwe matambudziko akaonekwa kongiri kutonhora. Somugumisiro, panzvimbo yakasimba monolith Hoover Dam yakavakwa sezvo akatevedzana interconnected mbiru dziri trapezoids. Izvi akabvumira kunyanyisa kupisa kuti anosunungurwa panguva solidification pakati musanganiswa akaparadza.

Mainjiniya akaziva kuti kana Hoover Dam ichavakwa somunhu monolith, chesamende kutonhora kuti tembiricha waida vaizofanira kuva nemakore 125 okuberekwa. Somugumisiro, makatsemuka kuoneka, asi munguva yemberi yaizoita kunotoreva kuparadzwa mai. Uyezve, mumwe Foroma kuwedzera kutonhora nekongiri akaturikidzana yaiva kutonhora mamiriro zvesimbi nenyere padiki apo rwizi mvura ikatanga two chilled. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti chesamende okurapa, uye nhasi haisi yapera.

Powerhouse

Kutanga gomba Hydroelectric simba chirimwa rakaitirwa pachiimbwa rytom kupikidura, iyo yakanyorerwa mujinga dhamu. Zvakafanira earthworks zvakapedzwa muna 1933, ndiye gore chesamende rokutanga wakadururwa kupinda nzvimbo chechitima.

Wokutanga Magetsi jenareta chiteshi akaberekwa muna 1936. Pashure pemakore 25 vari mazuvaano veboka ravarwi paiva nemamwe mamwe emagetsi rinoyerera. Panguva ino nguva magetsi ari kubereka namanomwe emagetsi, kunonyanyisa simba 2074 MW.

simba basa nhasi

Simba chirimwa ane basa rinokosha kuramba pakuenzanisa simba kumadokero United States. Kubva simba kunwa kunobva igadziridzwe mutoro mumwe oscillator kuti nokudzorwa kuparadzira yemapurisa yaiva Phoenix. Sezvineiwo, basa hurongwa iri raishandiswa kusvikira 1991 Chinyorwa rudzi; zvimwe computerization wegadziriro rikaparadzirwa kunze.

akitekicha

The kwokutanga purojekiti zvaibatanidza nyore chaizvo mapurani pamasikiro chivakwa uye Hydroelectric madhamu. Zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti rokunze kurutivi mai ari rusvingo kwakajairika, nenzwi pamusoro balustrade, vakasikwa Gothic Revival manyorerwo. Nepo chivakwa simba zvinomera zvavo haafaniri kuva vakasiyana nyore fekitari paburiro.

Vazhinji vakararama chebasa iri rave vakashorwa ayo kunyanya nyore, iyo, vari Sokuona kwavo, havana aenzane ane epochal hunhu, vaipfeka Hoover Dam. Somugumisiro, kuti rework basa akakokwa Los Angeles mapurani Gordon Kaufman. Akakwanisa rework basa ndakapedza panze zvivako izvi zviri unyanzvi deco manyorerwo. Somugumisiro, yokumusoro chikamu mai akanga akashonga turrets, iro "rinokura" zvakananga kubva mudhamu. Uyezve, iye Hamubvumirwi wachi iri spillway shongwe. Vamwe vavo vanoratidza Mountain Time, uye wechipiri - North American Pacific Time.

Zita mai

Pakutanga, Hoover Dam rakadzikwa muna Nedombo Canyon, naizvozvo, mumaonero magwaro rainzi "Nedombo Dam". Panguva iyoyowo yebasa Huro kuvakwa Ray Wilbur, US Secretary of Interior Ushumiri yakazivisa kuti chivako ichi uchanzi kuremekedza US President Hoover. mazita ichi mashoko Vatungamiri vakaramba Wilbur basa tsika huru madhamu USA. The US Congress akafarirwa mukuru zita muna 1931.

Kwapera gore, Hoover akarasikirwa pasarudzo kuna Franklin Delano Roosevelt, neDemocratic mumiriri. Pashure Roosevelt akatora muhofisi, United States Kutarisirwa zvinganaka kushandura zita dhamu iri "Nedombo Dam". Pachiitiko ichi, chisarudzo pamutemo haana akatorwa, asi vose nzvimbo mumabhuku uye zvitupa makore iwayo zita Hoover, vakarasika.

2 Makore pashure Roosevelt afa, Dzhek Anderson, a Californian Congressman, kwakamutsa nekubatwa kudzoka mamiriro ainzi Hoover. The runoenzanirana bhiri chasainwa mutungamiri, uye sezvo dhamu anonzi "Hoover Dam".

senga ukoshi

On mai kusvikira 2010 mairi vachinzi Highway 93, iyo anomhanya ari kumaodzanyemba mirayiridzo uye rinobatanidza muganhu wokuMexico pamwe Arizona. Part panzira, inova yakabatana mai, bhuku racho chokufambisa zvitange uye migwagwa haina vachiwirirana. Mugwagwa ane neimwe divi, chete mukoto mumwe, asi pasi wayo mai unomonereka zvinosanganisira wandei yakamanikana uye pamawere majana, nzvimbo murombo chaizvo maonero. Mukuwedzera, mugwagwa uri pasi kakawanda Madhaka.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mushure kwemagandanga muna 2001 aihuitira motokari kuburikidza mai. Dzimwe mhando motokari kufamba inozviisa fanira rokuongorora kuti asava zvinoputika kutengesa, uye vamwe vari yokuongororwa chete nguva nenguva.

Muna 2010, pamusoro Hoover Dam Bridge akavhura Mike O'Callaghan. It yekudyidzana zvakawedzera vachikwanisa penzira.

Impact pamusoro pezvisikwa

Órgãos Dam Mead uye kuvakwa mai aiva kuyerwa zvainoita Colorado River, ayo mvura muoti, uye zvikurukuru pamusoro wayo mararamiro. Saka pernicious simba vakawanda makuru siyana madhamu. Nokuti 6 makore kuvakwa mai uye zvinodiwa dura mvura Delta rakapotsa asvika.

Construction kurega kakawanda mafashamo, izvo chinosiyanisa Colorado River kanjoni. Asi ichi isa pasi zvakananga mungozi pakarepo wandei mhando nemhuka kuti dzakashandisa nguva mafashamo. Kuvakwa mai nomurwizi pakati kwakaderedza vanhu hove. Panguva ano iyoyo, 4 marudzi ehove akatyisidzirwa kutsakatika.

Kunyange nhasi, pasi pedyo Mead Dam unogona kuona zvisaririra rokumusoro remvura pamwero, iyo yakasvika muna 1983. Izvi zvakakonzerwa kugomo yakawanda kunayisa yakawa pamusana migumisiro El Nino kumadokero United States.

Mufananidzo dhamu iri rakashandiswa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana mabasa ounyanzvi. Somuenzaniso, mai kwave anotaurwa mubhuku "mumwe-storey America" by Ilf uye Petrov, ari firimu "Musoja Universal" uye "Transformers" uyewo ari vakagarwa firimu "Beavis uye garo-musoro."