How kuti girazi?

Glass ndicho kare chinhu, iyo yakawanikwa nomunhu uye richiri kushandiswa nanhasi. Ndakaona, nekuti murume haana tega vakamuita yokutanga nguva. Ungangove, wokutanga girazi akazviratidza zviuru zvemakore apfuura kubva kuputika dhaka. Zvino ndiwo fuma inonzi obsidian. How kuti girazi? Ngatidzokerei kune mazuva apo akanga asina. Zvishoma nezvishoma, vanhu zivo zvepanyama kwezvakatipoteredza, uye vakaona kuti kana hwakakanyiwa jecha dzinongoitika pasoda uye unozotevera kudziyisa crystalline fuma anooneka. Ndiko sei vakasvika pakuzivikanwa, uye ichi mhando itsva zvinhu. Izvi zvakanga rakarondedzerwa Pliny - Greek polymath. Zvaiva kubva nguva vakatanga nhoroondo kushandiswa girazi, razova muupenyu hwedu nhasi zvachose irreplaceable. Nokuti ikozvino, rinoshandiswa kwose kwose.

Zvisinei, panewo yakasiyana dzidziso sei kuti girazi, kana kuti, sezvo Akaitawo pamberi. Mamwe masayendisiti vakasarudza kuti vitreous zvinhu akaziviswa kuva byproduct mu utsotso yemhangura kana calcination zvibereko zvevhu. In upenyu hwevanhu, chigadzirwa ichi zvechokwadi vakaita basa rinokosha. Zvakaoma angawedzeredza kukosha kwayo. Manufacturing kuti ichiyangarara girazi akafanana zvakawanwa zvakadai mugodhi uye moto kuvamba mavhiri. Munguva yeIjipiti yekare kwakasarudzwa kubudisa mhando dzose zvishongo. Gare gare akadzidza kubereka mumidziyo kuti mvura mvura. Kubva muzana remakore rechigumi nematatu, paiva nomusiyano kuwedzera kwenhamba mukugadzira girazi. Venice akava nzvimbo yaro kugadzirwa. Masters zvikazikamwa michina kusika dzokuMabvazuva magirazi, pashure vakatanga kuva uye kuvandudza nayo. Glass pachena chinoitwa zvibvire nokuwedzera kwairi ose nouipi. Madzishe vakatanga kuti kwaari akasiyana mundiro, yakanga yakanaka kwazvo uye kwezvokufuka. Mumazuva iwayo, glassware refu vashumire muumbozha zvinhu uye zvishongo.

Kana mubvunzo iri sei kuti girazi, uchiri kuziva, ipapo tinogona kutaura nezvazvo kuti awana zvakawanda mafomu itsva. Its kugadzirwa muitiro kwakavandudzika. Akashandurwa sezvaari mugirazi iri chinoitwa yokunamisa rumwe amalgam. Paivakwa, zvakare, vakatanga kushandisa girazi. Kazhinji rinoshandiswa kuvaka nhare netemberi. Uye mushure vatenzi vakadzidza kuti mavara, vakatanga vashongedze mahwindo dzavo, zvichiita yakaisvonaka Stained magirazi mahwindo. Zvino kushandiswa chaizvo girazi akakonzera kubatana kwe. Uye zvesayenzi pamusoro nguva vakatanga kushandisa girazi. Nokuda kuwanikwa anokwanisa kuisa diffuse chiedza, akasiyana-siyana lenses, akaita materesikopu uye maikorosikopu zvakasikwa. Zvakawanikwa izvi vava hofori danho kukura rwokuzvarwa sayenzi - mushonga, zvipenyu, nezvenyeredzi, wefizikisi uye nevamwe. Chero yesayenzi munda pasina magirazi havagoni kuva chero basa.

How kuti girazi? Sezvo kamwe kare, kubva jecha. Kumboda jecha rine nesilicon dioxide, anomirirwa pano muchimiro Goldstone crystals. Kana neshungu, inonyunguduka. nokukurumidza kana iwe atonhodze nayo, zvicherwa havana nguva crystallize, vachiva segirazi. Kupa chigadzirwa vamwe ruvara mairi anowedzerwa oxides chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi dzakasiyana-siyana. jecha yakachena kuitira kuti ayo sezvamunoita raiva rakapotsa munhu Goldstone girazi kupa kunonyanyisa pachena.

Pari zvino pane nzira dzakawanda kuwana chigadzirwa pamwe ehupfumi dzakasiyana: faibha zvakasimbisa, nokuomesa, girazi, warrior. Sepokutangira uye iye zvino ndipiyona jecha nyore kuti chinogadzirwa. Zvinokosha kuti jecha panyika chero zvakakwana, saka girazi hausi achibuda yedu zvinhu.