Hydraulic umambo mamiriro. The Chaizvoizvo uye peculiarities

Sei akaumba wokutanga ezvinhu? Izvi zvakanga zvisina tenderano. Historians vaiona anoverengeka mushanduro dzakasiyana. Mumwe wavo ari hydraulic umambo State kwavakaberekerwa. Chii ndiwo zviri?

Chii mamiriro?

Sangano rine simba rezvematongerwo enyika, dzakananga zvigadziriswe dzokudzora, kumanikidza, kuzvidzora, akadana mamiriro. Pfungwa kunosanganisira yakananga ndima ine nemiganhu yayo uye vanhu vanogara mundima ino.

It anotaura kuti chidzoke rokutanga inoti zvakaoma chaizvo. Mamwe masayendisiti Somuenzaniso, tenda kuti havana nguva dzose aripo. Gore negore pane zvakabudiswa zvitsva mumunda ethnography uye sayenzi yezvinocherwa mumatongo, zvinoita kuti chidzoke idzva dzidziso panyaya iyi. Saka akanga akaumba kudiridza dzidziso Nezvekwakabva mamiriro, uyewo makemikari, yemadzitateguru, mupfungwa yokuti zvechisimba uye nevamwe.

The chikuru Pfungwa dzakawanda hypotheses ndechokuti paumbwe hurumende kuguma kuchinja munzanga. Kukura inogadzirwa hurongwa zvazvinoita evanhu. Social ukama pakati vanhu vachinje, kusaruramisira anooneka. The zvakawanda dzakasimukira kugadzira, kunokonzera kusaruramisira kwahunokonzera.

hydraulic umambo

Munyori dzidziso iri wenhoroondo, nyanzvi uye sinologist Karl Wittfogel. The musayendisiti aiva nhengo German Communist Party, uye aifarira Marxism, saka hydraulic umambo zvikuru zvinoratidza pfungwa iyi. Wittfogel pfungwa yake rinobatanidza pamwe kuratidzwa despotism.

Musimboti dzidziso iri kudiridza pakuvaka anokosha zvigadziriswe kuti aidzora kuyerera nokuparadzirwa mvura mune dzimwe nzvimbo. In dzisinganayi nzvimbo zvivako zvinofanira kuparadzira mvura zvakaenzana iri nyoro, nekusiyana, kudzora kushandisa abudise uye madhamu. Maererano munyori dzidziso, ndiyo nzira inonyanya zvakakodzera kuti kurima iri pre-maindasitiri munzanga.

Panyaya iyi, hurumende ichibudira iri ezvinhu zvakakodzera kuti vanoirima uye kuronga kwemajoini basa. Shandisa uye dzigadziridzwe kudiridzwa hurongwa inoda yakawanda Kufambisa wapasi muvanhu. Kuti aite izvi, boka duku functionaries vanofanira kuramba kudzora executors.

Hydraulic umambo: zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira

Wittfogel pfungwa, kufanana nevamwe, ane nhamba zvokudya zvinoratidza kana agodzivisa kwayo mukana.

Sezvo divi kunogona kutaurwa yokungotaura mukana pfungwa iyi. Zvinonzi inobva anozivikanwa munhoroondo chokwadi. Yokutanga inoti akasimuka rwizi mumipata uye akashandisa kudiridza enyika kuti kurima zvirimwa. Yakakurumbira inoti ekare vari Sumer, Bhabhironi, neIjipiti rekare uye China.

Hydraulic umambo kunyanya inobata chete nhete siyana dzekumabvazuva, akaisa murwizi mumipata. Chete kwaiva kushandisa musoro kuti kudiridzwa. Hazvina kupedza dambudziko iri kwaita gomo inowanzorimwa kana rinoti, saka tinogona kutaura yomunharaunda dzidziso.

The marapirwo ndiyo elucidation chaicho chikonzero. Uchifunga dzidziso izvozvo zvinomutsa mubvunzo yezvakaitika kare: pokugadzwa ezvinhu pamwe kudiwa kurima, kana pfungwa yacho kudiridza hurongwa, nokuda iyo kwaidiwa rehurumende.

Features Irrigation State

masangano Vose vari anomanikidza, uko musoro akapiwa rusununguko simba risingagumi. Kudiridza kunosanganisira dzidziso Wittfogel hunokosha kuwanika despotism nokudzora chivako. Zvimwe kushanda mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro vachamanikidzwa. Functionaries, kureva mamaneja, akavapindurawo, vachakwanisa kuita chepamusorosoro simba pamusoro yevagari.

Mumwe migumisiro yakadaro hurongwa ndiye chidzoke upristi zvikuru kushanda mupristi. Time Maze, kudyara nguva takatsunga pachishandiswa muchadenga zvaanorumbidza uye makarenda. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, mupristi ndiye chete "chiedza", zvinoita kuti ayo simba uye kudzora vamwe vanhu.

Munyori rinogumisa kuti mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro haagoni kuva kirasi hondo kana chikuru pfuma varidzi, sezvo vanhu zvakare makapwanya mutongo marongerwo uye anongoda hapana kodzero. The mwero rusununguko chavagari inowedzera, kunyange chete zvishoma, pamwe nesimba mamiriro.