Kugadziriswa kwekugadzirwa kwemashoko: huwandu hwemashoko. Mazita echiGiriki mazano ekugadzira

Shanduro yekugadzira yakashandiswa zvikuru mumazuva eAntiquity. Sezvakangoitika, iyi ibasa rekusimudza-uye-ream, rinowedzera nemamwe mazwi anotsanangura. Izvo zvinyorwa zvekugadzira, ruzivo rwehuwandu pamusoro pezvakanyorwa mubhuku reVruvius kusvika kure kare sezana remakore rokutanga BC, rakashandiswa muGreece yekare panguva yekuvakwa kwetemberi uye yakaumba mufananidzo wezvivako zvenyika ino zvakazivikanwa nhasi.

Basic Elements

Vitruvius mubasa rake akarondedzera nheyo dzemitemo yekuvaka. Kuti uverenge zvirongwa zvekugadzira, mumutsetse, uyo waiva wepakati wepamusoro we column, wakatorwa sechinhu. Akanga ari muyero wehukuru hwezvinhu zvose.

Kugadziriswa kwekugadzira kweGreece yekare kwakange kune chimiro chezvidimbu zvakaenzana, zvakasiyana nehuwandu hwekukura kwavo nekushongedza. Yakanga ine nheyo (chinyorwa), kusungirirwa (chimiro) uye pedestal. Yokutanga, zvakare, yakaisa zvikamu zvitatu:

• Fust (shaft - trunk);

• Capital;

• Nheyo (uya)

Iyo yakagadziriswa shandi ndiyo chikamu chikuru chayo, hutema hwacho hunoderera nehupamhi, asi hauna kukwana. Guta racho rinoumba chikamu chepamusoro, chakanongedzwa zvakananga zvose zvakanyanyisa zvechivakwa. Basa rechechi rinonzwisiswa kubva muzita rayo: ndiro nheyo ye foxtus.

Chibvumirano, chikamu chepamusoro chegadziriro, inewo chimiro chetatu. Inosanganisira architrave, frieze uye cornice. Architrave mafomu anoputika pakati pemakoroni, iyo ndiyo inonyanya kubatsira chikamu chechibvumirano. Freese ndeyveruzhinji. Kugadziriswa kwekushongedza kweAntekete kunoratidzwa nekushandiswa kwakasiyana kwemashoko aya: inogona kuva yakanyoroka kana ine mufananidzo. Muchengeterori wekona huri koromo, kazhinji wakanga wakashongedzwa ne denti, kana, sezvaanodanwa, kurongedza zvipfeko - mutsara wemakona emakona.

Pedestal - chikamu chezasi che column, chigadziko chayo, kazhinji chaive nechikamu chekutanga. Nzvimbo yacho "yakakura" kubva pa stylobate (stylobate) - nzvimbo yepamusoro.

Architectural warrants yeGreece yekare

Pakazara, pane mitemo mitanhatu iyo inofungidzirwa yekare. Vatatu vavo vakaumbwa munharaunda yechiGiriki. Iyi Doric, Ionic uye Corinthian yakarongeka. MuRoma yekare, pakanga pana mamwe maviri: Tuscan uye boka. Chimwe nechimwe chazvo chine zvikamu zvaro zvakasiyana-siyana muchimiro nekugadzirisa zvinhu.

Aya mazita echiGiriki ekugadzirisa mazano anopa pfungwa yekuti mune yekare nyika yavakatanga. Inotarisa mumwe nomumwe munzvimbo yavo, muzana remakore VI BC. Mitauro yeIonic neDoric yemakoromoni yakakurumidza kupararira muGreece yose. Urongwa hweCorinthia hwakange husingazivikanwi zvikuru. Akave akawedzerwa kudai muRoma yekare.

Ukuru uye nyore

Doric yakagadziriswa yakarongeka nenhamba shoma yezvokukongoletsera. Nzvimbo yacho yakanga isina chekuita, nokuti yakamira zvakananga pane pentobate. Iyo trandi yakavharwa isina kufanana, pane imwe nzvimbo pazvikamu zvitatu zvepamusoro pakanga paine kuwedzereka kuduku. Pasi penhizha yacho yakafukidzwa ne grooves - flutes. Sezvo mutemo, paingova nemakore makumi maviri chete. Mabhosvo akapa chimwe chimiro kune chimwe chinhu chakagadziriswa: vakagadzira kutamba kwechiedza nemumvuri, vachiona kuwedzera kukwirira kwekamuri. Paiva nezvimwe zvinyorwa zvemasango uye nezvigaro.

Guta racho rakanga rine nheyo yakakomberedza, iyo yaive yakareba. Aivimba pane imwe nzvimbo yakagadzirwa zvakanaka. Freese aiva ne triglyphs - mavara akajeka ane zvinyorwa zvitatu pakati pavo, akabatanidzwa nevatatu. Pakati pemaitiro acho pakanga pane zvipembenene (nzira) dzakanaka kana dzakazara nekunaka. Pasi pe cornice kazhinji kaive kune dzakawanda zvekugadzirira.

Anozivikanwa pasi rose

Doriki anorongedza kuwanda kwechiratidzo chekugadzirwa kwakadaro kwezvakavakwa zvekare kare seParthenon neTemberi yaHephaestus. Yakasimba, mazamu akashinga akapfekedza zvivakwa zvakatsaurirwa kuPoseidon kuCape Sounion, uyewo kuAfea pachiwi cheAegina.

Doriki - iyo yakagadziriswa yakagadziriswa yakagadzirwa maererano nekukomba. Izvo zvipenyu zvakaonekwa muIonia, uye zvakare muKorinde, zvinoratidzirwa nenhamba yakawanda yezvishongo nemashoko ekugadzira.

Uhu hwevakadzi hwakagadzirwa nematombo

Dorian kusimba kwakapesana nekunyorova uye kunyange unyoro hwehutoni hweIonic. Mifananidzo iyi inokwira pamusoro pedenga rakakomberedza, yakafanana nemhete dzakawanda dzakaiswa pane imwe. Nzvimbo yacho yakareba kupfuura yeDorian version. Kubva iko ino chinyorwa chinoratidzika sechidiki. Nyeredzi dzakadzika (pane makumi maviri nezvose), uye guta rinorongedzwa nemari (curls).

Izwi reIonic rinenge rakamanikana uye rinosanganisira zvikamu zvitatu zvakanyanyisa: shanduro yakanyatsogadzikana, chirwere chisina triglyphs, uye chibage chinoputika zvine mutsara wezvinyorwa. Chikamu chepakati chechigadziro kazhinji chakanga chakashongedzwa nemisasa.

Kuumba koronho yakadaro, vakiki vekare vakamufananidza nemudzimai ane kambani yakagadzikana, mvere dzisina kuchena dzemakwenzi uye maruva ezvokuputira - mafuta.

Kubva

Vitruvius akanyora mubhuku rake kuti Ionic yakagadziriswa yakagadzirwa panguva yekuvakwa kweTemberi yeEfeso. Kudiwa kwomufananidzo mutsva kwakamuka kubva kuchido chekuwana chimiro chaive nemweya wemadzinza echiGiriki anogara munharaunda yacho, uye kurwisana nayo kuDorian. Muenzaniso wemumubereki wakaunza michero yaidiwa: ionic warrant inozivikaniswa kwete pasi payo yakanyatsogadzikana, uyewo ndeyekuwanda kwechikoro.

Masayendisiti anotenda kuti kuumbwa kwerudzi rutsva rwembiru kwakaitika zvishoma nezvishoma, uye Temberi yeEfeso yakangova iyo quintessence yezvikamu zvose zvekare. Chero zvazviri, uye gwaro re ionic rinonyatsoratidza kuvandudzwa uye kukwidziridzwa. Hazvishamisi kuti yakashandiswa kuvaka temberi dzaNicky Ateros uye Artemis weEfeso, iyo yekupedzisira yakazopiwa musoro weimwe yeWonders Seven World.

Hama yechidiki

Urongwa hweCorinthia, sezvatotaurwa, hwakanga hwakakurumbira muRoma yekare. Panharaunda yeGreece yaifungidzirwa senzvimbo yeIonic. Zvechokwadi, mirairo iyi ine zvinhu zvakawanda zvakafanana. Tsvimbo yakakwirira ine magwenga makumi maviri nemasere inomira pachitenderera chakakomberedza. Mhedzisiro yakakura ndeye guta rine mari gumi nematanhatu, pamwe chete nemashizha eacanthus, akarongwa mumitsetse miviri.

Chibvumirano chakafanana nechose chinowirirana muchimiro chechioni cheIonic: chinosanganisira architrave yakapatsanurana, frieze yakawedzerwa nerubatsiro, uye cornice ine makanda. Musiyano pakati pezvivakwa uchishandisa mahwendefa akadaro ndewokuti havana kutsigira denga reimba, asi denga rakadzika.

Kana tikaramba tichifananidzira chimiro chechimiro uye chechikadzi, ipapo chechitatu chechiGiriki chirongwa chinowanzova nezvinhu zvinoshamisa kumusikana wechidiki: vamwe kufanana uye rudo rwezvishongo zvakanatswa. Ikutanga yezvakawanikwa zvakawanikwa zvechiKorinde ndiyo mazamu eTemberi yeApollo muBassa.

Receivers

ChiGiriki chivakwa chekugadzirira chakaramba chiripo muRoma yekare. Dzakanga dzichishandiswa nemhizha dzakagadzira kuonekwa kwemaguta eumambo. Mukufananidza, maitiro matsva akaoneka: Tuscan uye maumbirwo ezvimwe zvivako zvekuvaka. Uye zita rezvikamu, uye gwaro rose rekugadzira rakachengetedzwa.

Urongwa hwakakosha - "mbeu" yeIonic neKorinde. Tuscan inherent features zvinoratidza pachena hukama hwemhuri pamwe neDorian: mazamu akaoma asina misoro, inosimudzira architrave uye frieze, yakakomberedzwa isina kupfeka mari.

Mushure mekuwa kweHumambo hweRoma, kufarira kune maitiro aya okugadzira zvishoma nezvishoma kwakaderera uye zvakare yakamutswa zvakare muzana remakore rechi15, apo Sungano yeVetruvia yakawanikwa. Zvivakwa mumutauro weklassicism, izvo zvakagadzirwa zvishoma zvishoma, zvakare zvaive zvine zvinyorwa kana zvimwe zvakafanana. Zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti nhasi mazano ekugadzira akatikwanisa kuburikidza nehupamhi hwemazana emakore anowanzoshandiswa mukusika nekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvitsva.