Kusanganisa munyika Moscow: pakutanga nzendo, pakupera

Kiyi nhoroondo Russian pamwe munyika Moscow akatanga pamakore yokutanga XIV remakore ndokuguma kwezana XV-XVI emakore. Panguva nguva iyi yekare feudal murayiro uye paiva simba centralized pakusava zvakaparadzwa.

Center ane weutungamiriri duku

Kwenguva refu Moscow akanga asingaoneki nhare riri Vladimir-Suzdal ari kumusoro-kumabvazuva kweRussia. taundi duku iri haisi zvakasiyana upfumi uye enyika kukosha. Own Prince akazviratidza ikoko muna 1263. Vakava Daniil Aleksandrovich - mwanakomana yakakurumbira Aleksandra Nevskogo. Sezvo mwanakomana worugotwe Prince, aiva varombo uye duku nhaka.

Russia Nguva pfupi asati akapona wechiTatar-Mongol nechisimba. Vakaparadza hondo muvengi nyika akabhadhara mutero kuna Golden Horde. Khan akabvuma mukuru muchinda Vladimir guta mutongi. hama dzake zvose Rurik, uyo wakaitwa ive nhaka, vaifanira kumuteerera. Panguva iyoyowo Vladimir choushe yakapfuura chitaridzi Khan panguva chero paangodira ake. Nhaka vasingagoni kusangana nheyo randinenge Ages umambo, kana mwanakomana akasimuka mazita baba vake.

Sezvo yakanaka pakutanga, nyika nenzvimbo dzakapoteredza Moscow hwogumisa nyongano ichi, asi kusvikira machinda Muscovite akaneta uye havana kunokosha pfuma, vaifanira yokufudza vamwe vatongi simba. Daniel akatsigira imwe kana mumwe vakoma (Andrew uye Dmitry) akakurwirai choumambo Vladimir.

Moscow enyika vabudirira kutanga rakauya nokumuprofita kufara zvinongoitikawo. Muna 1302, akafa asina mwana muzukuru Daniila Ivan Dmitrievich, vaitakura musoro Muchinda Pereslavl-Zaleski. Saka feudal chipo duku yaiva muguta pedyo uye ikava svikiro madzishe. Izvi kwaiva kutanga kubatana munyika Russian dzakapoteredza Moscow. Zvisinei, Dhanieri haana nguva ajairire ake itsva chinzvimbo. Moscow kwakaita muchinda feudal wokutanga akafa muna 1304.

Kurwira Vladimir

nzvimbo yababa rakakundwa Yuriy Daniilovich, aitonga 1303-1325 gg. Akatanga akabatana hugota Mozhaisk, rikaisa muridzi kaduku pedyo nhaka mujeri. Saka Moscow akaita mamwe matanho anokosha kuti zvokupopota nevezvematongerwo kupfuura simba iri North-Eastern Russia - Tver. Muna 1305, wake Prince Michael akagamuchira kubva Khan yokudimbudzira musi Vladimir choushe.

Zvaiita kuti Moscow haana mukana kurova dzakapfuma uye hombe vaimupikisa. Zvisinei, dambudziko ndechokuti panguva iyi yenhoroondo Russian, kwete zvose kugadziriswa nechisimba. Kusanganisa munyika Moscow kwakaitika nemhaka manomano uye unyanzvi vatongi vayo vakaita Tatars.

Horde akapa Prince Vladimir, uyo aiva nomukana kubhadhara zvakawanda. The mamiriro nemari Tver akanga chaizvo nani pane Moscow. Zvisinei, kutungamirirwa Khans uye mumwe mutemo. Inogona kutsanangurwa se "kamura uye vakundi". Leveraging imwe kweutongi, Tatars akaedza haana kumupa zvakawanda, sokunge magumo akanga achiva inesimba, baskaks tsitsi anogona kutsiviwa nehasha.

Moscow pamusoro Tver

Afirwa kuna Michael muna 1305 mune nedzenyu the, Yuri haana kudzikama. Kutanga yakakanda yehondo, uye ipapo, kana iye asvika pasina kutungamirira, akatanga kumirira mukana kurova pa yomuvengi mukurumbira. mukana akadaro refu kuuya nemakore mashoma. Muna 1313 Khan Tokhta akafa, uye nzvimbo yake rakatorwa Uzbek. Michael aifanira kuenda Horde uye kuti vawane nokusimbisa Grand chitaridzi. Zvisinei, Yuri mberi kwake.

Kamwe muna Uzbek asati nemuvengi wake, muchinda Moscow akaita zvose kuti kuvimba uye nyasha Khan idzva. Kuti aite izvi, Yuri akaroora hanzvadzi Tatar mutongi Konchak, vatendeukira Orthodoxy uye akagamuchira kubhabhatidzwa muzita Agafia. Uyewo, chikuru anokumhan'arira Michael akakwanisa kugumisa kubatana Novgorod zvokuvhoterwa. Vomumusha vakanga vachitya muchinda simba Tver, vane nyika dzakanga pamiganhu yavo.

Vachiroora, Yuri akaenda kumba. Akaperekedzwa munhu wechiTatar wamambo Kavgady. Michael, kushandisa chokwadi chokuti Horde akamira vakaparadzana musasa, akarwisa nemuvengi waro. Prince of Moscow vakakundwa zvakare uye akakumbira nyika. Vanopikisa vakabvumirana kuenda Khan kudare. Panguva iyi Michael akatanga thicken kumakore. In kukunda, iye akakunda Konchak. Zvinonzi munzvimbo Muchinda Tver Yuri musasa naye uye hanzvadzi Uzbek akafira kujeka zvikonzero.

Dambudziko chakazochinja muhondo. Yuri zvinyoronyoro akatora chiitiko. Akadzokera Uzbeks, vachiisa Michael mukuona kwake Konchakov kuuraya. Kavgady, kana bribed, kana kungoti haana kufanana Michael, uye akamuchera. Nokukurumidza Tver muchinda yakasvika muruvazhe Khan wacho. Akanga vakapfekenurwa ari chipepa uye utsinye vaurayiwa. mutongi Vladimir rokuremekedza ndokupfuura Yuri. Pakutanga kubatana munyika Russian dzakapoteredza Moscow rapera, uye ikozvino vatongi Moscow zvakafanira kuchengeta akagamuchira simba mumaoko avo.

kufambira mberi Kalita

Muna 1325 Yuriy Daniilovich kamwe zvakare akasvika Horde, paakange hacked kufa mwanakomana waMikaeri pamusoro Tver, Dmitry Black Eyes, kuti atsive rufu baba vake. Power muMoscow Anotsiviwa muduku mukoma wemufi Ivan Kalita. Aizivikanwa anokwanisa kuwana uye kuchengeta mari. Kusiyana nowakautangira, mutongi mutsva kuita nokungwarira uye vakakunda vavengi vakawanda manomano kupfuura oumhizha.

Pakafa Yuri Uzbek, achishandisa yakaonekwa kuti ndeyechokwadi nzira, akapedza castling. Huru Russian kwavabati akapa vatongi itsva Tveri Aleksandru Mihaylovichu. Zvaiita kuti Ivan Danilovich akasara chinhu, asi izvozvo kudhinda vakararama ake akava anotsausa. Kurwisa Tver haana rapera, zvakanga chete pakutanga. Kusanganisa munyika Moscow akaramba pashure unopinza dzoro nhoroondo.

Muna 1327 Tver kwatangwa Anti-wechiTatar kumukira yakagundika. Vagari veguta, waneta kunyanyisa yesosaiti vatorwa vakauraya vateresi. Zvisinei, Alexander haana kuronga mabasa ichi, akabatana naye uye pakupedzisira akatungamirira kutsutsumwa pamusoro vaanotonga. Furious Uzbek akarayira Kalita kuranga vasingateereri. Tverskaya nyika yakanga yashatiswa. Ivan Danilovich akatangazve Vladimir, uye kubva ipapo, machinda Moscow, asi pfupi chaizvo zvikamu, handina kurashikirwa pamaoko wevakadzidza guru North-Eastern Russia.

Ivan Kalita, aitonga kusvikira 1340, akawedzera kuti Power wake (kana, pane, akatenga) chinokosha maguta akadai yakavakidzana sezvo Uglich, Galich uye Beloozero. Apo aiva mari acquisitions izvi zvose? Horde akaita Prince of Moscow mukuru vateresi kubva zvose pamusoro Russia. Kalita aiva kudzora yakakura Rwako zvemari. Nokuchenjera uye nokuchenjera kushandisa muchivigiro chezvipo, akakwanisa kuvaka marongedzero umo vakagara muMoscow, chinokosha chikamu mari yakaunganidzwa. kwavabati ake zvakanyatsorongwa kutanga vabudirire tikafunga lagging mune zvemari zvakanaka zviri pedyo munzvimbo. Izvi zvinonyanya kukosha causal kubatana, maererano paiva zvishoma nezvishoma kubatana munyika dzakapoteredza Moscow. Munondo akakundwa chiuno chikwama. Muna 1325 chimwe chiitiko chinokosha zvakakonzera kubatanidzwa munyika Moscow, akatanga kutamira kune ichi mabhishopi guta, aimbova vaiona yaaigara Vladimir.

matambudziko matsva

Pashure Ivan Kalita mumwe pashure pomumwe kutongwa vanakomana vake vaviri: Simeon (1341 - 1353) uye Ivan (1353 - 1359). Kwemakore anoda kusvika makumi maviri kubva Grand Duchy akanga yakatora chikamu Duchy Novosilsky (Zabereg) uye dzimwe nzvimbo Ryazan (Vereya, gandwa, Borovsk). Simeon kashanu vakaenda Horde, vakaedza kufadza Tatars uye uta, asi zvinokosha kuti vazvibate pamba. Panguva iyi vakararama (uye pashure pake uye vanyori) akaritumidza vachizvikudza. Apo Simeon Ivanovich mamwe machinda duku west Russia akatanga "podruchnik" ayo. Main anokumhan'arira, Tver, aingwarira uye havana kudenha ukuru Moscow.

Nemhaka ukama hwakanaka Horde Simeon, kuti muArabhu havana kanganisa Rus vachirwisa. Zvisinei, panguva iyoyo zvose pasina chaakasiya zvemisoro aifanira kuenda kuburikidza mumwe kurwisa. It rava kuuraya kupararira "Black Death", iro achakatsamwira iyoyo uye muTestamende World. Urikanwi akasvika Russia Via Novgorod, izvo dzinozivikanwa akanga yakawanda kumadokero vatengesi. Rinotyisa chirwere akashandura yaizivikanwa upenyu, matsime ose zvakanaka mumagariro uye enyika urongwa, kusanganisira kubatanidzwa munyika Moscow. A pfupi kuziva neshekeri yokutambudzika zvakakwana kunzwisisa kuti zvakanga zvakaipa kupfuura wechiTatar-Mongol nechisimba. Cities pavaifa nehafu, misha vazhinji dongo kusvikira rokupedzisira imba. Akafa nedenda, naSimioni navanakomana vake. Ndokusaka chigaro akatsiviwa ne munin'ina wake.

Ivan, ane ushe chaiva Hauoneki, akarangarira munhau Russian chete norunako rwaro yaakanga zita romusere rokuti Red. The chete kukosha iyi inogona kunzi chipo Khan Moscow gavhuna kodzero kutonga mamwe machinda. Chokwadi, itsva nzira bedzi nokukurumidza nyika nenzvimbo dzakapoteredza Moscow. Quick sezvo ushe Ivan akapedza rufu rwake rwaikurumidza kuuya nemakore 31 okuberekwa.

Two rutsigiro Moscow kwakaita

Mugari wenhaka Ivan Dzvuku aiva mwanakomana wake muduku Dmitri, remangwana weNobel of wechiTatar-Mongol hondo pamusoro Kulikovo munda uye immortalized zita rake. Zvisinei, makore okutanga kutonga kwake chezita muchinda rakanga chaizvo vaduku. It akaedza kushandisa dzimwe Rurik, uyo akagamuchira mukana kana kuwana rusununguko kana kuwana yokudimbudzira musi Vladimir. Dmitry Konstantinovich Suzdal akabudirira mukupera kambani. Pakafa Ivan Dzvuku, akaenda Khan wacho guru Sarai, apo akaita kuwana yokudimbudzira mambo Vladimir.

Moscow muchidimbu vakarasikirwa wevakadzidza guru Russia. Zvisinei, mashoko ezvinhu ezvinhu haana kukwanisa kuchinja muitiro. MARARAMIRO kubatana munyika Russian kumativi Moscow vakanga vakasiyana: magariro, upfumi uye enyika. Kana hugota yakura uye kuva simba guru, vatongi vayo vatopiwa maviri rubatsiro inokosha, kwete kubvumira mamiriro kuwa gura. mbiru izvi vaiva machinda uye nechechi.

Wealthy uye rava vari Kalita Moscow kufarira basa boyars zvitsva zvose. Pfungwa Mugumisiro yavo guru duchy yakanga zvishoma nezvishoma, asi tisanzwa. Somugumisiro, apo choushe muduku akaonekwa Dmitry vakamupoteredza wakaumba pakarepo boyar Council, iro vanofanira kutora runziro uye anobatsira zvinogadzirisa, kunoita kuti kuponesa rakaoma-vawana hachichinji.

Aristocrat aibatsira yeChechi yeOrthodox. VaBennett nyika nenzvimbo dzakapoteredza Moscow ndiko kutsigira mabhishopi guta. Muna 1354-1378 gg. zvakanga seizvi Alexy (rokunyika Elevfery Byakont). Muuduku Dmitry Donskoy, Metropolitan uye aiva of facto musoro nevarikutonga simba Moscow hugota. murume uyu nesimba akatanga kuvaka Kremlin. Alex uyewo mumwoyo kukonana pamwe Horde.

Mabasa Dmitry Donskoy

mumatanho ose munyika nenzvimbo dzakapoteredza Moscow vapiwe zvinoitwa. Pakutanga, machinda akanga asina zvakawanda chiito enyika sezvo intriganskimi nzira. Izvi zvakanga Yuri, ichi chakanga pamwe Ivan Kalita. Asi kwakanga vakakwanisa nheyo nemagariro Moscow. Kana muna 1367 akatanga ushe chaiyo vechiduku Dmitry Donskoy, uyo akavonga vamutangira, aiva zvose zvinhu kuvaka munondo rakabatana Russian nehurumende uye nezvibvumirano.

Sezvo Muscovy akakura munguva iyoyo? Muna 1360 akanga dzakabatanidzwa Dmitrov, muna 1363 - on Klyazma uye Starodub (kare zvakajeka), Vladimir, muna 1368 - Rzhev. Zvisinei, chinhu chinokosha chiitiko nhoroondo iyoyo Russian yakanga isiri kuomerera Moscow ukuru, asi mavambo isina hondo kuzorwa Mongol-wechiTatar joko. Centralization simba uye pfuma yayo aisagona kutungamirira Mugumisiro wakadaro.

MARARAMIRO nyika nenzvimbo dzakapoteredza Moscow apera kanenge mu chido rwacho dzinongoitika kurarama vasina kuroora. zvido izvi (kunyanya vanhuwo) rakatarisana feudal murayiro. Zvisinei, vari kumwe mukupera Middle Ages uye yakaguma. Similar dzinotsanagura manyowa of feudal ezvinhu vamwe mberi kwakaitika Western Europe, uko muzvizhinji pakati duchies uye mumaruwa kuvaka zvavo National mamiriro.

Zvino kuti nedanho kubatana munyika Russian kumativi Moscow rava kusingarapiki, dambudziko idzva akamuka: chii chokuita joko Horde? Mutero kuna akamedura pamusoro zvoupfumi uye vairidza pasi yenyika chiremera. Chokwadi, Dmitry Ivanovich, kufanana nevakawanda vakanga vamutangira akarota yokuzvimirira izere yokumusha kwavo. Awana simba rizere, akatanga urongwa ichi.

Pashure Hondo Kulikov

The refu basa kubatana zviri munyika Moscow aisagona kupera pasina kusunungurwa Russia kubva wechiTatar-Mongol joko. Don akanzwisisa izvi uye akasarudza yakanga nguva chiito. The kunetsana yakatanga nemakore 1370 wacho. Prince of Moscow vakaramba kubhadhara mutero Baskakov. Zolotaya Orda vakapakata. Ndokunanga hondo asingatendi vakamira Temnik Mamay. I vakaungana echiShinto uye Dmitry Donskoy. Akabatsirwa machinda akawanda chikwata. The hondo Tatars akanga-Russian zvose mashandiro. White rarira akazviratidza muchinda chete Ryazan, asi uto Don vakatsungirira pasina rubatsiro rwake.

September 21, 1380 pakava hondo pamusoro Kulikovo munda, razova mumwe chikuru nemauto zviitiko munyika nhoroondo. Tatars vakakundwa. Makore maviri gare gare, mumwe mhirizhonga shure, uye kutombotsva Moscow. Kunyange zvakadaro, imwe hondo yakavhurika yeIreland yakatanga. Mberi chaizvo 100 kwemakore.

Don akafa muna 1389. Pakupedzisira Danho kwake, akatangawo Grand Duchy pamusoro Meshchersky pamupendero Medyn uye Ustyuzhna. Mwanakomana Dmitry Basil I, uyo akatonga kubva 1389 - 1425 makore. Akapedza Absorção de Água of Nizhny Novgorod hugota. Uyewo panguva Paaiwadzana of Moscow munyika Moscow aizivikanwa kuwedzera Moore uye Tarusa inotumirwa kutenga Khan kuti chitaridzi. Prince simba rechiuto akudzivisa kuti Novgorod Republic of Vologda. Senhaka kubva Rostov Moscow muna 1397 ndokumuka Ustyug. Kuwedzera kuchamhembe akaramba kuwedzera Torzhok uye Bezhetsk Cuernavaca.

Vava kuda kuparara

Apo Basil II (1425 - 1462) Muscovy akapona kupfuura hondo yevagari munhau yacho. Kodzero encroached kuti chepamutemo wenhaka yake babamunini Yuri Dmitrievich, uyo aidavira kuti hurumende rirege vakapfuura kubva baba mwanakomana, uye maererano refu-yakamira nheyo "nokuda kodzero ukuru." hondo yevagari kufambira zvikuru kubatana munyika Russian dzakapoteredza Moscow. Kutonga yezviri Yuri hwakapera nokufa kwake. Zvino kurwa akabatana vanakomana wemufi: Dmitri Shemyaka uye Basil Diagon.

War akasiyana chaiyo ferocity. Ndakabayiwa vakapofumadzwa Basil II, uye akarayira uturu gare gare musi Shemyaka. Nokuda pamusana ropa sezvo mugumisiro yapfuura nzendo kubatana munyika Russian dzakapoteredza Moscow, kuti kunyura mumatope yokukanganwa. Zvisinei, muna 1453 Vasily II Dark pachena akakunda vose vaimushora. Edit haina kuvhiringidza kunyange zvake upofu. Mumakore achangopfuura, simba rake kuna Moscow hugota rukabatanidzwa Vychegodskaya Perm, Vologda uye vamwe Romanov nzvimbo.

Novgorod uye Tver Accession

Vazhinji vose nokuda reunification of Moscow nemachinda mwanakomana Basil II, Ivan III (1462-1505). Vazhinji dzekare funga iye mutongi-Russian zvose yokutanga. Apo Ivan akasvika simba, kupfuura muvakidzani wayo aiva Novgorod Republic. vagari varo kwenguva refu nguva vakatsigira Moscow machinda. Zvisinei, yechipiri yezana XV remakore revatongi yeChina Novgorod zvava Lithuania, iyo kwainzi huru counterweight kuna Grand Duke. Uye pfungwa iyi haana groundless.

Grand Duchy pamusoro Lithuania vakatora nyika Belarus ano uye Ukraine. It zvaiva hurumende Kiev, Polotsk, Vitebsk, Smolensk nemamwe maguta makuru Russian. Apo Ivan III vakaona ngozi iri Kubatanidzwa Novgorod uye Lithuania, akazivisa hondo Republic. Muna 1478, makakatanwa dzagadziriswa. nyika Novgorod zvachose kuMoscow State.

Zvino kwezana Tver weutungamiriri. Nguva unogona kukwikwidzana pamusoro yakaenzana usakurirwe Moscow, vari refu aenda. Last Muchinda Tver Mikhail Borisovich, uyewo vanhu Novgorod, akaedza kuumba kubatana Lithuania, ipapo Ivan III vakapfekenurwa simba rayo uye akabatana Tver kuti simba rake. Izvi zvakaitika muna 1485.

Zvikonzero kubatana munyika Russian dzakapoteredza Moscow iri chokwadi kuti kwokupedzisira padariro iyi, Russia pakupedzisira ndikabvisa ari Mongol-wechiTatar joko. Muna 1480 Han Ahmat akaedza kuti wokupedzisira Prince of Moscow kuzviisa pasi uye kubhadhara mutero kwaari. Full hondo haina kuitika. Moscow uye Tatar mauto vakamira pakatarisana pemahombekombe rwizi Ugra, asi hamuna vakasangana muhondo. Achmat aenda, uye nokukurumidza Zolotaya Orda vakaputsa akakwidzwa wandei ulus.

Kuwedzera Novgorod uye Tver, Ivan III yakatora kuna Grand Duchy pamusoro Yaroslavl, Vaga, Vyatka uye Perm nyika, Vyazma uye Ugra. Mushure Russian-Lithuanian War 1500 - 1503 gg. Moscow akatamira Bryansk, Toropets, Pochep, Starodub, Chernigov, Novgorod-Seversky uye Putivl.

achiva Russia

Akatsiva Ivan III pachigaro choumambo nomwanakomana wake, Vasily III (1505-1533 gg.). Kana zvakaitika kupedziswa munyika nenzvimbo dzakapoteredza Moscow. Basil mberi basa yababa vake, chinhu chokutanga pakupedzisira akaita chikamu masimba ake muPskov. Izvi zvokuvhoterwa kubva pakupera XIV remakore yakanga yava pasi mamiriro Moscow. Muna 1510, Vasily vakamutorera kwayo kuzvionera.

Izvi zvakateverwa okupedzisira kwezana yakananga Russian hugota. Ryazan vagara yakazvimirira wokumaodzanyemba muvakidzani kuMoscow. Muna 1402, pakati poushe yaiva sungano iri pakati XV remakore akasvimha achitonga ari pasi paNebhukadhinezari. Muna 1521, Ryazan akava enzvimbo yacho Grand Duke. Sezvo Ivan III, Vasily III haana kukanganwa pamusoro Lithuania, iyo vaiva guta dzakawanda chizvarwa Russian. Somugumisiro hondo mbiri kuti nyika mutungamiriri vawedzera ake Power Smolensk, Velizh, Roslavl uye Kursk.

Pakazopera rechitatu XVI remakore Moscow rokutanga "akaunganidza" zvose Russian munyika, uye nokudaro akaumba rimwe rudzi-mamiriro. Izvi akabvumira mwanakomana Ivanu Groznomu Vasily III kutora zita mambo Byzantine womuenzaniso. Muna muna 1547, akanga asiri chete muchinda mukuru Moscow, uye Russian chamber.