The guru chifananidzo muIjipiti - The sphinx. Legends yeIjipiti. History of sphinx

Mumwe Budiriro ine zviratidzo zvayo, izvo vanoonekwa chinokosha zvikamu rudzi, tsika dzayo uye nhoroondo. Sphinx weIjipiti yekare - uchapupu usingafi simba, simba noukuru nyika, chinyararire chiyeuchidzo Mwari akatanga vabati vake, akanyura mugomba remakore, asi vakasiya pasi mufananidzo husingaperi. The National chiratidzo weEgipita anonzi mumwe mukuru mapurani Zvivako zvekare, achiri anoratidza involuntary nokutya impressiveness ake, ane Aura chakavanzika, zvituri ngano uye emakore nhoroondo.

Monument nemifananidzo

Egyptian sphinx anozivikanwa vose uye ose ugere panyika. A Monument rakacherwa padombo monolithic, ane muviri weshumba uye musoro kwevanhu (maererano mamwe manyuko - Farao). chidhori kureba 73 m, kureba -. 20 M The chiratidzo youmambo simba simba iri pamusoro enyika Giza kumadokero kwemhenderekedzo rwaNire uye akapoteredzwa navanopinda uye zvakarurama rakadzika. Yakadzama anopenya pamusoro sphinx inoendeswa kumabvazuva, vakananga pfungwa dzokudenga, uko zuva rinobuda. Monument kazhinji akasangana pasi pabutiro jecha uye yave kunatsiridzwa kakawanda. Pechifananidzo chakanga rinocheneswa jecha zvachose chete muna 1925, akakunda hwomoyo vanhu pasi pose kuti ukuru hwaro uye miganhu.

Nhoroondo yakanyungudutswa: chokwadi pamusoro mungano

MuIjipiti sphinx ndiyo enigmatic uye asinganzwisisiki Monument. Nhoroondo yaro mumakore ari kufambira mubereko uye pfungwa dzekare, vanyori, vatungamiriri uye vatsvakurudzi. Munhu wose aiva mukana kubata asingagumi inomiririra chifananidzo, anopa yayo shanduro yake mavambo. Veko vanodana dombo kukwezvwa "baba anotyisa" nokuti kuti sphinx ndiye zvirambe zviripo pakati muzvizhinji kuti chakavanzika ngano uye kufarira nzvimbo vashanyi - vanoda zvakavanzika uye renyaya. Maererano nevaongorori, nyaya sphinx ane zvinopfuura 13 emakore. Anofungidzirwa kuti yakavakwa kuitira kugadzirisa nyeredzi chaiyo - the kudzokerana of mapuraneti matatu.

Ngano pamusoro pemavambo

Saka kure hapana mashoko akavimbika inomirira chifananidzo ichi, nokuti iyo yakanga yakavakwa uye apo. Kusavapo kwenhau kuchatsiviwa ngano yapfuura nomuromo uye rinotiudza vashanyi. Chokwadi kuti Egipita, kuti sphinx ndiye wedangwe uye kupfuura shongwe, zvinowanisa nezvake nyaya inoshamisa uye penga. Pane kufungidzira kuti chifananidzo anochengeta mukuru makuva vanaFarao - the pyramid Cheops, Chephren uye Mycerinus. Imwe ngano inoti ibwe chifananidzo unomiriri nezvezvisikwa Farao Khafre, wechitatu - ndiko chifananidzo chamwari Horus (mwari kudenga, poluchelovek, polusokol), takatarisa pamukwidza baba vake - zuva Mwari Ra.

Legends

Mungano yechiGiriki, iyo sphinx rinotaurwa somunhu inosembura zvikuru chikara. Maererano ngano vechiGiriki muIjipiti yekare pamusoro chikara ichi ndeinotevera: chisikwa aine muviri weshumba uye musoro yevanhu vanowanika Ehidna uye Typhon (poluzmeya-mukadzi uye hofori shato misoro zana). Yaiva nechiso uye mukadzi wacho zamu, muviri kweshumba uye mapapiro shiri. Chikara aigara pedyo Thebes, vanhu kumirira kumubvunza chinoshamisa mubvunzo: "Ndiani pakati zvipenyu mangwanani chinofamba makumbo mana, zuva vaviri, uye manheru musi matatu?" Hapana kudedera nokutya vatorwa vasingagoni kupa mhinduro pachena sphinx. Pashure chipuka akatongera rufu. Zvisinei, akasvika zuva apo akachenjera Oedipus aizogadzirisa chirahwe ake. "Uyu munhu pauduku, vakuru uye kukwegura" - akati. Pashure paizvozvo, yakaputsika romugungwa rakamhanyira pegomo nokupwanya matombo.

Maererano wechipiri shanduro ngano, kuti sphinx muEgipita akanga kamwe Mwari. Kamwe mubati denga ndokuwira anonyengera jecha musungo, anotaurwa so "keji yokukanganwa", uye akaenda kurara naye hope husingaperi.

chaiyo zvinhu

Pasinei chakavanzika nechimiro chokureva nengano, nyaya chaiyo haidereri rakavanzika uye zvisinganzwisisiki. Maererano chepakutanga Maererano masayendisiti, iyo sphinx yakavakwa panguva iyoyo sezvo mapiramidhi. Zvisinei, muna nhokwe yekare, waiva rakabva ruzivo pamusoro pakuvaka mapiramidhi, hapana panotaurwa pabwe zvivezwa. Tinoziva mazita ezvivako navavaki akasika chikuru makuva vanafarao, asi zita murume akapa nyika muEgipita sphinx, achiri kuzivikanwa. Zvisinei, vashoma emakore pashure pakusikwa chepiramidhi pane vokutanga zvinhu pamusoro pechifananidzo. VaEgipita tout kwayo "shepes ankh" - "mufananidzo mupenyu". No mamwe mashoko uye tsananguro kwesayenzi kwemashoko aya, masayendisiti kupa nyika vakasagona.

Asi panguva imwe chete iyoyo, iconic mufananidzo risingazivikanwi sphinx - a mapapiro musikana romugungwa - anotaurwa mungano yechiGiriki, vazhinji dzechembere uye ngano. The gamba izvi nyaya, zvichienderana munyori, nguva nenguva ikachinja chitarisiko, kutaura mune dzimwe shanduro poluchelovekom-polulvom, uye vamwe - a mapapiro Seshumbakadzi.

Nhoroondo muIjipiti yekare, ari sphinx

Chimwe dambanemazwi nokuti masayendisiti akazova enhoroondo Herodotus, uyo muna 445 BC zvinorondedzerwa zvakadzama muitiro rokuvaka mapiramidhi. Akaudza nyika zvinofadza nyaya sei zvivako yakavakwa rinhiko uye sei varanda vazhinji vaiita kuvakwa yavo. Rondedzero "baba kare" sei kunyange nuances akadai zvokudya varanda. Asi, oddly zvakakwana, Herodotus haana anotaurwa mubhuku rake rinonzi Stone sphinx. Hapana haizopereri rinotaura chokwadi kuti pakuvaka shongwe akanga asina dzakaonekwa.

Akabatsirwa masayendisiti anojekesa chirahwe of sphinx basa yeRoma munyori Pliny Mukuru "Natural History". In zvaakanyora anotaura nezve mumwe nokuchenesa shongwe kubva jecha. On hwaro ichi, zvinova pachena nei Herodotus haana kusiya nyika ine rondedzero sphinx - shongwe panguva iyoyo akavigwa pasi paiva jecha sediments. Saka zvakadini nguva akanga ari mujecha musungo?

Rokutanga "dzokudzorerwa"

Kutonga nezvinooneka mashoko vakasiya padombo Dombo pakati netsoka dzakapfava pakati chikara, Farao Thutmose ndakapedza gore panguva Liberation Monument. zvinyorwa zvekare vanotiudza kuti kuva muchinda, Thutmose akarara soundly mujinga ari sphinx, uye hope umo Mwari akazviratidza kwaari Harmakhis. Iye ataura muchinda pamukwidzwa choushe muIjipiti uye akarayira kubudiswa chifananidzo ane jecha musungo. Kwapera nguva yakati, Farao Thutmose akava zvakanaka uye akarangarira chivimbiso rouMwari ichi. Akarayira kwete chete kuti kuchera hofori, asi kuti vaigadzirise. Saka, rumutsiriro yomuIjipiti nengano wokutanga kwakaitika XV remakore. BC Ndipo apo nyika vakadzidza pamusoro guru pakuvaka uye yakasiyana Zvivako yeIjipiti dzechitendero.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti mushure Kwemitambo sphinx Farao Thutmose payo kamwe zvakare akachera yaitonga Ptolemy dzinza roumambo, pasi eRoma, vakabata Ancient Egypt uye vechiArabhu vatongi. Munguva yedu, akasunungurwa zvakare kubva sand muna 1925. Kusvikira zvino, chifananidzo inofanira kucheneswa pashure sandstorms, sezvazvakaita rinokosha nzvimbo kukwezvwa.

Sei pasina shongwe kuti mhino?

Pasinei kare pamusoro chivezwa, riri anenge akachengetedzwa kwaro yepakutanga chimiro, embodying ari sphinx. Egypt (mufananidzo pamusoro inoratidza shongwe) kukwanisa kuchengetedza ayo mapurani Paaidzidzisa, asi akanga asingakwanisi kudzivirira vanhu vake kubva zvoutsinye. Hapana statue nguva mhuno. Masayendisiti zvinoratidza kuti mumwe vanaFarao ive chikonzero isingazivikanwi, sayenzi akarayira kuti torazve chifananidzo wacho mhino. Maererano kumwewo, asi shongwe damage neuto Napoleon raMwari, vachiridzira pfuti kubva chake. The Chirungu chipped of ndebvu chikara akazvituma kuna miziyamu ake.

Zvisinei, gare gare akaziva zvinyorwa wenhoroondo Al-Maqrizi kubva 1378 rinoti ibwe chifananidzo ane yepamhino. Maererano naye, mumwe navaArabhu, anoda kuti aregerere zvivi vechitendero (muna Korani vairambidza rondedzero zviso zvevanhu), chipped of mumhino vaRafa. Pakupindura utsinye uye kubatwa zvisina kufanira sphinx sand akadaro vakatanga kutsiva vanhu, achisiya pasi pa Giza.

Somugumisiro, masayendisiti vakagumisa kuti sphinx muIjipiti akarasa mumhino somugumisiro nemhepo yakasimba uye nemafashamo. Kunyange zvazvo mafungiro ichi haawaniki kusvikira ikozvino zvinosimbisa chaiyo.

Hunoshamisa Secrets of sphinx

Mugore 1988 gore, somugumisiro yokuwana caustic fekitari kweutsi shongwe dzakatsarukana chikamu mahwanda block ibwe (350 kg). UNESCO nehanya nechitarisiko uye mamiriro ezvinhu nzvimbo uye netsika zvinhu, akatangazve kugadziriswa, nokudaro achizarurira nzira pakutsvakurudza itsva. Somugumisiro Kunyatsodzidza Pyramid Great uye sphinx namabwe kutigumbura nokuda Japanese mumatongo kwave hypothesized kuti shongwe yakavakwa ipapa rinda Farao kukuru. The yakapedzisa hunoshamisa kuwanikwa nokuda dzekare vaya vanoti kuti chepiramidhi, kuti sphinx nemamwe kuvigwa ezvirevo - venguva. A, zvakafanana zvinoshamisa kuwana wechipiri waiva kuwanikwa pasi kuruboshwe paw chikara refu nhete tanera chokuita remazera Cheops.

Mushure Japanese nevanochera matongo dangwe shongwe kuita hydrologists. Vakawana muviri wake tichingoda Kuparara mvura guru kuyerera, izvo zvakaita kubva kuchamhembe kusvikira kumaodzanyemba. Pashure dzakatevedzana zvidzidzo kubudikidza hydrologists vakagumisa kuti ibwe shumba rave chinyararire chapupu kuna Nile - biblical njodzi kwakaitika anenge zviuru 8-12 apfuura. American mutsvakurudzi John Entoni Uest akatsanangura zvisaririra mvura kupera musi chitunha cheshumba uye musoro yokusava kwavo hwokuti sphinx aivapo panguva Ice Age uye ainyorwa chero nguva kusvika 15 zviuru. BC. e. Maererano mumatongo French, nhoroondo yeIjipiti yekare Anozvirumbidza mukuru shongwe kuti yaivako kunyange munguva kuparadzwa Atlantis.

Saka, ibwe rekunamata anotiudza nezvokuvapo ibudirire zvikuru, iro akakwanisa kuvaka chivako chakadaro yakaisvonaka, iyo yakava mufananidzo usingafi vekare.

Kunamata vaIjipiti vekare pamberi sphinx

VanaFarao muIjipiti vanogara akaita outorwa kuti rutsoka vaRafa, iyo yaimiririra guru kare nyika yavo. Vakabayira zvibayiro paatari, yaiva pakati pamakumbo ake, voskurivali zvinonhuhwira, kugamuchira kubva hofori chinyararire chikomborero umambo uye chigaro. Sphinx haana chete zimukadzimu mwari zuva asiwo matsvene nzira, iyo akavapa Kwevaapostora uye simba wepamutemo madzitateguru. Iye aimiririra munhu muIjipiti simba, nhoroondo yacho kwakaratidzwa rake roumambo chimiro, embodying mufananidzo nerimwe Farao mutsva uye vanoshandura chinoumba aripo nokusingaperi. zvinyorwa zvekare vakarumbidza sphinx sezvo mwari mukuru musiki. mufananidzo wake rejoins kare, chipo uye ramangwana.

Astronomical tsanangudzo ibwe zvivezwa

Maererano pamutemo shanduro, iyo sphinx yaizovakwa muna 2500 BC. e. pamusoro mirairo Farao Khafre paitonga raitonga youmambo vanafarao Chechina. A shumba huru riri pakati nezvimwe zvivako zvikuru pamusoro ibwe enyika Giza - the mapiramidhi matatu.

Ongororo Astronomical dzakaratidza kuti nzvimbo chifananidzo haana akasarudzwa bofu naro, uye maererano pfungwa mharadzano mamakwara kwemiviri yokudenga. Iye sehofisi Equatorial pfungwa, zvichiratidza chairo nzvimbo iri kuuya sunrise nzvimbo pazuva Vernal rinenge riine. Maererano vanodzidza nezvenyeredzi, makore sphinx 10,500 apfuura rave yakavakwa.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti Giza mapiramidhi dziri pasi chaizvoizvo saizvozvo senyeredzi matatu zveOrionhi kwakaita Belt mudenga gore. Maererano nengano, iyo sphinx uye mapiramidhi yakatarira nzvimbo nyeredzi, yokuongorora zvomuchadenga nguva, izvo vaIjipiti vekare rinonzi yokutanga. Sezvo zvomuchadenga wakakwana mwari Osiris, aitonga panguva iyoyo, akanga Orion, zvakagadzirwa nevanhu dzakavakwa nechinangwa mifananidzo nyeredzi bhandi rake kuti kuchengeta uye kugadzirisa nguva simba rake.

Great sphinx sezvo tourist nzvimbo

Pari, hofori shumba ine musoro yevanhu chinokwezva mamiriyoni evashanyi chaizvo vapupurire kunozivikanwa yakafukidzwa nerima emakore-kare kare uye yakawanda tiwane netsika ibwe chivezwa. Kufarira mairi yose vanhu nokuti kuti chakavanzika pakusikwa chifananidzo dzinoramba chisingadudzwi, akavigwa pasi sand. Zvakaoma kufungidzira kuti zvakavanzika zvizhinji unochengeta sphinx. Egypt (nepikicha shongwe uye mapiramidhi zvinogona kuonekwa chero kufamba portal) kudada nhoroondo yacho huru, kunoshamisa vanhu, chakaisvonaka pazvivako, chokwadi izvo creators dzavo vakatsiva navo muumambo Anubis - mwari rufu.

Large uye chaizvo huru ibwe sphinx, vane nhoroondo yakaramba unsolved uye azere wezvakadzama. Achiri akatungamirira zvivezwa akanyorova Kutarira kure uye achiri kumbovhiringwa chitarisiko chake. How emakore akawanda, ndiko chinyararire chapupu kutambura kwevanhu, maturo vatongi, kusuwa uye zvomunyama kuti rawira muIjipiti? How zvakavanzika zhinji unochengeta sphinx Great? Zvinosuruvarisa zvose mibvunzo iyi uye nemhinduro haawaniki kwemakore.