Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird: Flight Performance

Lockheed SR-71 - mumwe yakakurumbira musori ndege uye panguva imwe chete kumwe zvisingazivikanwi. "Blackbird" ndiyo brainchild kuti mukurumbira ndege mugadziri Clarence Johnson, mukuru weDhipatimendi nemaonero kukura (ADP) kambani Lockheed. Chakagadzirirwa mukunopera '50s, "Blackbird" uye nhasi anotarisa futuristic, uye izvi pasinei nokuti hazvina kusikwa tichibatsirwa mukuru-nokukurumidza makombiyuta, sezvo iri kwakajairika mufanidzo bhodhi.

patani

SR-71 Blackbird akavaka ari "tailless" ane mativi maviri-keel bapiro uye muswe. Magadzirirwo tsika - pamwe stringers, mapuranga uye akasimbisa ganda. Achingwarira "ukananzva" siyana havasi chete aerodynamics. "Namano ndege", akasika nayo zvemichina ichaongororwa kuva nokugadzirwa gumi adarika, asi unyanzvi kunonyanya "Blackbird" iri dziri magadzirirwo. Woita contours kumeso kuberekesana hukawanika kuita ndege zvishoma pachena kuti radar.

Strategic supersonic musori ane anenge asina sandara hukawanika. Kunze - a zvakanaka guru keels, asi vari tilted mukati, izvo zvinoderedza dzavo zvinobudirira nounzenza nharaunda. Uyezve, muna nemamiriro kumberi uye achitevera mupendero vakashandisa redhiyo-rokutora zvinhu muchimiro mativi inoisa cellular epurasitiki zvakagadzirwa. Ichi chimiro inoisa redhiyo mafungu airatidza mukati Triangle kupedzisa attenuation. Pamusoro kushanda maredhiyo vasataura kunooneka chiratidzo kubva ndege, achigogodza kuvhiringidzika radar dzaishandisa kuzvidavirira.

Mazhinji kutiza panguva supersonic aimhanya, nendege iri pasi rinorema uye mazhinji kudziyisa. Naizvozvo, pakuvaka "Blackbird" anenge 93% chinosanganisira "Beta-B 120 'kupisa nemishonga uye yakakwirira-simba titanium chiwanikwa.

fuselage

Kwakapiwa kuti kumhanya bapiro ganda ukomba wakatsetseka yakarukwa uye zvimba kubudikidza kudziyisa, zvinhu izvi zvinoitwa chemarata. Longitudinal grooves kwete chete kuita muedzo mbabvu, asi kunowedzerawo kupisa nounzenza nharaunda, potse pasina kuwedzera zvuva.

Vazhinji ano American warplanes vane nodules pamusoro pamudzi bapiro, asi "Blackbird" anogara rose kureba fuselage, ndokusaka chikamu chayo rwakapoteredza ichichinja kusvika nedhaimani serin'i. nodules izvi vari kutamba hunyambiri basa: kuumba guru chaizvo vachasimudza, izvo zvinoderedza kubudikidza hafu vachikotama nguva iri refu fuselage, uye kushumira pokugara mafuta uye michina. Mukuwedzera, vanoshanda pamusoro aerodynamics, nokuderedza zvuva.

The vashandi yaiva munzvimbo dzokuzororera dzaiva "mu tandem" nomumwe cabins, kuvhura shure mwenje. PANE cabs mienzaniso Lockheed SR-71 chakagadzirwa chaiyo negirazi, oma Eriya aitombotyawo ultraviolet nemwaranzi panguva pamatunhu kukwira. Cabins vari mhepo-vakaumbwa, vashandi vemo nhunzi iri kumanikidzwa sutu.

bapiro

Bapiro ane monyorora nechitarisiko inonyaradza, kunoderedza vachikotama uye Achitsaudzira nguva pairi. Kubvisa muenzaniso nemhepo mugero kwakaratidza kuti kudiwa ichibhabhamisa kana slats hapana - bapiro guru iri kumhara pave simba mhepo chairarirwa kungotaurwa chaizvo nyoro kumhara, potse pasina kupindira mutyairi. Nevakawanda munzvimbo dzokuzororera dzaiva nacelle nokungwarira ndokudzora uye nechokunze ari mhesano pamwe aitungamirira unopinza bapiro kuti munhu sagging.

muswe

Vertical muswe wakaita tselnopovorotnym. keels izvi 2.5 nguva kunobatsira kupfuura kwakajairika kuzvidzora hukawanika uye zvinoda duku Kutsauka pamakona, izvo zvinoderedza nemishonga. Kunonyanyisa Kutsauka zvimbi "Blackbird" angled panguva aimhanya kuti Mach 0.5 iri 20 °, pane imwe yepamusoro kumhanya ari kuchinja wakaderedzwa kusvika 10 °. Keely kurerekera ura nevanhu 15 °, iro kunobatsirawo pamusoro kugadzikana uye controllability. Somuenzaniso, SR-71 supersonic ndege hakusi kutya crosswinds anosvika 18 m / s. The achitevera pamucheto bapiro rwunokwanisa maigara ailerons zvabatanidzwa uye elevators.

Motors

"Blackbird" rine mbiri simba chaizvo injini mhando TRD Pratt & Whitney JT11D-20b (imwe rokuti - J58) chezano 144,56 kN. In navo pakavanda hombe siyana "Blackbird": 3 pane imwe nokumhanya Mach Motors kutendeukira chaizvoizvo ari co-iyezvino: 58% kubva torque zvinopa mhepo yaunodya, 25% - uye kamwene ndiyo 17 chete% - chaidzo injini. Air inlets of ndege "shiri dema" zvakagadzirwa kuitira kupa kuchikosha chikamu nhamba huru. The pasikweya dzinoitwa chinjika kumubata kuvhunduka chinozunguzirwa mudenga yaunodya.

Kuveza injini J58, nyanzvi dzokununura kubva Pratt & Whitney pfumvu zvakakomba: mhepo Inlet tembiricha yakasvika 380 ° C, ari mafuta injector - 160 ° C, ari afterburner - 280 ° C, uye injini mafuta - 485 ° C. Naizvozvo J58 kuvakwa, kunze titanium, vakawana chikumbiro kunyanya nickel superalloys Hastelloy-X, uye Rene-41. Nokuda ichi chafariz kushushikana hurumende injini ose maawa 200 kushanda vaiva vakakwana disassembly uye kuongorora.

chassis

Chassis "Blackbird" tricycle ane mhino vhiri. rutsigiro Nasal pamwe mavhiri maviri retracted mberi, chikuru - kusvikira pakati. Chassis vakachenesa pakarepo pashure pokubva pasi, kubva Lockheed SR-71 nokukurumidza Inowedzera kuti kunonyanyisa bvumidzwa ndege pakukurumidza kumhara giya (555 km / h). rutsigiro Key vane mavhiri matatu chete ekisero kuti kudzibatsira pasi uye panguva imwecheteyo kuponesa womukati Vhoriyamu fuselage.

Tires hazvina kuitwa rabha, uye ane kupisa nemishonga zvinhu chaiyo, uye kuti tirambe tichifunga kumanikidzwa zvachose ndege modes, uye havana akazara mhepo kudzivisa oxidation uye senitrogen. Vane musvine kumeso uye akafukidzwa nesirivha pendi kuderedza kupisa. Wells chassis akapoteredzwa huni Matangi - mafuta mabasa as a coolant.

braking hurongwa

Ushori ndege inopiwa ne rimwe braking parachuti dhayamita 12 m, kugadzirwa nokushandisa aricheke pakarepo pashure touchdown velocity pa 280-330 km / h. The parachuti yakaitwa nokupisa nemishonga chaiyo zvinhu uye MeSH akaita kwete akabvarura velocity musoro. It akasvuura kure apo achidzikisa ndege kukwira 110 km / h kuti haana kuvhiringidzwa mune tether keels.

midziyo

US Air Force anoshandisa zvemberi hurongwa uye telemetry kuzvidzora. "Blackbird" masere-Inzira gadziriro inopiwa ane kushinga (STCs), compensating "akavaka-mu" kusagadzikana pamusoro ndege (ndiko anokonzerwa gogonera kudziyisa mu cruising kutiza). The Hurongwa rinoshanda zvose zvitatu nematemo uye katatu kutevedzera.

Pamusangano nokumhanya Mach 3, uye Ukanyanya kuzvishandisa chiito zvidzoreso kungaita kuti chimbichimbi yekupindurwa ndege nezvetsika muchadenga, izvo zvingaita kuti kuparadzwa kwaro. Ukuwo, mumhu, iro munhu SR-71 Blackbird, mhepo arambe achirema idukusa 2% kuti arambe achirema kwayo panguva wegungwa, vachikumbira vakasunungura guru Kutsauka.

SPU kwairatidzwa Honeywell uye aiva mumwe kupfuura akavimbika yose mundege: MTBF wake maawa anenge 130 000. Kana hurongwa achiri kuputswa, zvakaoma kudzora ndege mu cruising, asi zvinoita.

Honeywell kambani yakatangawo kombiyuta kuti processing ndege data, zvichiita rimwe Kurangwa kusarurama yomuka akatizira panguva supersonic aimhanya. Nokuda simba kunaka kumanikidzwa mhepo pa mukuru kukwira kwakajairika Namano mazano kubva HDPE sepombi akanga asina kuvimbika. Chaiyo kukosha wehunyambiri nokukurumidza, kukwira uye kumhanya Mach nhamba kuti uratidzwe kubva kombiyuta zvitatu digitaalinen kuratidzwa mune nzvimbo yemutekenyi.

mafuta hurongwa

Akasimba uye refu kudziyisa Ndege Lockheed SR-71 muna cruising ndege waida kukura lubricants itsva, sealants, slurries, kuputira zvinhu zvakadaro. D. Saka, chinotsva rinoshandiswa "Blackbird" muchiso JP-7, ane yakakwirira tembiricha yakadaro nzvongo kuti akanga moto ake chaiwo reagent - triethylborane (TEB). Nokuda kwaizvozvi rinoshandiswa senzira coolant kuti kutonhora vashandi kabhini uye chinonyanya tisanzwe overheating pamusoro nodes, kunyanya chassis. Asi sezvo mafuta kugadzirwa vakatanga gogonera kudziyisa pamusoro fuselage, achiita deformation kwayo sag.

In chaiyo tangi iri mundege pane kudanda kuti triethylborane kutanga injini mudenga uye apandukira afterburner. Strategic akachenjera akapa nhanhatu mafuta matangi kuti ane 46.000 litres peturu. Matangi chinokosha okumusoro masvingo yakanamirwa pamifananidzo siyana, uye nokuda kuwedzera uye marwadzo maitiro airframe panguva muchidziisa uye kutonhora, ivo kutsemuka. Mushure ose maawa 200 ndege vakasunganidzwa asi vachiri inoyerera bins uye pasi-vakamira ndege kupaka kuunganidza huni yose madziva. Sezvo JP-7, asiri akadaro mafuta, substantially hapana moto njodzi, asi cruising ndege tangi rusvingo vadziyirwa kusvika 280 ° C, zvokuti kunyange mafuta JP-7 kubva ayo kumusoro flashpoint anogona kupa kuputika. Saka, muna ndege dzehondo vakazadzwa senitrogen.

rwokugadzira unhu

Model SR-71 ane zvinotevera nokurondedzerwa:

• Length - 32.7 m.
• Mapapiro: 16.9 m.
• Urefu - 5.6 m.
• Tora-kure uremu - matani 78.
• Flight Range - 4800-5200? Km.
• Kunonyanyisa nokukurumidza - 2125 km / h panguva imwe kukwira pamusoro 9000 M uye 3220 km / h panguva imwe kukwira pamusoro 24.000 mamita.

nezvombo

Pakati zvitatu, "Blackbird" rakazoshandiswa chete supersonic ndege interceptor YF-12a. Chaiva zvombo ina "mhepo-kuti-mhepo» Hughes pakati-9 (Vavarira-47A) Super-Falcon, vakafurira pamusangano chipfuro uchishandisa radar AN / ASG-18a. Ushori embodiments maoko akanga kunyange akarondedzera pamusoro kuisa nezvechisarudzo SR-71 pamwe kuraswa mudziyo enyukireya, nenzira bhomba Convair B-58 Hustlen.

saonekwa

Ndege avhiyesheni uto inoita basa rinokosha mune ano hondo nzira. Pasinei chaizvo boka Tracking satellites masimba makuru, avhiyesheni kuchiri kukosha panguva ushori mishoni. Pamwe ndiyo kunozivikanwa Blackbird ushori ndege.

Kuva ose "kupisa makwapa" nyika, SR-71 asina akakoromora. Muna 1972 iye akataura mashoko ekare Air Force sajeni aishanda ari National Security Agency mu panharirire muchiuto magazini: "Pfura pasi SR-71 hazvibviri." Sajeni yataurwa zviitiko apo Chinese vakanga vachiedza kuita, asi interceptor vezvikepe "third-21" akamutsa aramu aigona chete vanoshamisika apo mutadzi akaita Ipwa. Maererano naye, "Blackbird" uye akabhururuka pamusoro nharaunda Soviet, uye NSA akateerera yemapurisa pamwe kumuganhu USSR akanyora maitiro Soviet mhepo kuzvidzivirira. Uyezve, aimbova sajeni akati US yemagetsi-njere unyanzvi akavabvumira kutevera kutiza kusvika zvose Soviet muchiuto ndege, uye kunyange kuona uyo parizvino piloted ne imwe muchina. Uye ichi chikuru munorumbidzirweiko "Makumi Manomwe-kutanga."

ndege Over 70 American nendege pamusoro North Korea, China, Cuba, pamwe kumuganhu USSR. Muchiitiko chino, kwaiva misangano pakukurumidza panguva interceptor Soviet - third-25P, uye ivo yakaguma, maererano vokuAmerica, havasi nyasha chechipiri. Zvakanga kundikana kuedza kuwana "muenzi" saonekwa panguva achangobuda zvombo Anti-ndege.

Lockheed A-12

The zita "Blackbird" kazhinji chokuita inokosha Scout SR-71. Zvisinei, shure zita iri mamwe maviri zvishoma inozivikanwa motokari: A-12 uye YF-12a.

Nyaya mazita aya zvikuru kuziva. Zvinozivikanwa kuti US mhepo simba ndege vane kupatsanura yakajeka. Chidimbu YF zvaireva murwi kirasi, chokwadi, YF-12a aiva experimental murwi. Letter A (kurwisa) kutorwa storming, asi A-12 hakuwirirani yakafanana kurwisa. Izvi zvinoitwa kuti kuvhiringidza njere Soviet pashure chikuru dzakawanda kwamakuhwa kupfurwa pasi pamusoro Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), mumwe US musori ndege. Ipapo President Eisenhower akavimbisa Khrushchev haana kushandisa ushori ndege mumatenga pamusoro Soviet Union, asi Lockheed chirongwa achangobva vakaomerera kushandiswa izvi. Pamutemo, aionekwa "vehurumende", sezvo deginamajai vaiva - sangano kwete mauto.

By January 1962 A-12 kumumvuri akanga agadzirira kunovhenekwa. Mushure yokutanga ndege zvikazooneka kuti zvakawanda urema marongerwo. Kunyanya seakatambudzwa powerplant zvinoda refu uye rakaoma kunatsiridzwa inlets. Pasinei neizvi, A-12 kwakatangwa dzinoti - iri deginamajai kudiwa mukuru-nokukurumidza ushori kutsiva yechinyakare U-2. 14 specimens dzakabudiswa.

patani Features

Lockheed A-12 Yakaramba chezvematongerwe experimental - rakanga zvikanganiso zvakawanda zvinogona kubviswa chete pakupedza magadzirirwo. Zvichida mukuru pakati pavo - nomutoro guru pamusoro mutyairi, izvo, kuwedzera kushanda ndege, iyo pachayo yakanga isiri nyore, aifanira kutsungirira vakawanda razvedapparaturoy.

External zviratidzo A-12 Zvakataurwa zvakasimba mhino chete ngaatarire micheto pamberi chikamu fuselage sags uye akaguma pfupi wevakabhuroka. Musiyano mukuru kubva nekutambira okunatsiridza kuti "Blackbird" chaiva kuti chaiva chete. Nokuti nzvimbo yemutekenyi rakanga razvedoborudovaniya mupanda (Yaunoti Q-mupanda), ushori midziyo muNzvimbo -buda pamusoro fuselage. With zvisingawanzoitiki Kunze, kuti A-12 akaramba anenge zvachose unpainted - black vakanga chete uta pamwe nzvimbo yemutekenyi, bapiro kutungamirira pamucheto uye cône mhepo intakes.

YF-12a interceptor

Ari vachirwa nhungirwa "Blackbird" mhuri. Huru kusiyana kubva musori ndege:

• Musi YF-12a akatasva moto kudzora radar mienzaniso Hughes AN / ASG-18a pamwe Conjugate kutsvaka vaIri maitiro uye Tracking kuti kurwisa.
• Chombo - mana zvombo Vavarira-47A (pakati-9) Super-Falcon ". Mhepo-to-mhepo"
• Nokuti nzvimbo yemutekenyi panzvimbo Q-mupanda, mumwe mudanga wechipiri, uko opareta pakuiswa maoko.

Muna 1964, akagadzira Klerens Dzhonson Kolliera paakavapa "nokuti kunoshamisa kubudirira mune US aeronautics". Panguva mharidzo Lockheed YF-12a ndege akanga raimiririra, akapendwa dema. Nokudaro, zvimwe, uye vakaenda kurongwa zita ravo - "Black Bird".

End enguva

Pakazosvika mangwanani eighties michina Resource atova pamusoro kutapudzika, uye kuhuchengetedza mu kubhururuka ezvinhu yava matambudziko chaizvo. Kwakandiomera nzvimbo ine injini: TRD J-58 wakasuduruka kubva kumusika mukupera sixties, uye kunyange zvazvo ose maawa 200 basa injini vari disassembly kwakakwana uye rokuongorora, uye pashure ose maawa 600 - overhaul, sezvingatarisirwa, ivo kusakara. Spare zvikamu kuti zvaiva zvakaoma.

Muchirimo 1988, kuti US Air Force Minister Edvard Oldridzh yakashuma kuti mari kuramba zvikepe SR-71 akaenzana nemari kwerunyararo mapapiro maviri murwi ndege. Pakazosvika nguva nhamba kumotokari kushandiswa kuderedzwa hafu - kubva 12 kusvika 6. Muna 1989, kwakasarudzwa kubvisa ushori ndege SR-71 vane zvombo. 1990 Muchirimo, ari "makumi manomwe pakutanga" sacked. Three motokari Flight Test Center, NASA Dryden vainzi kubhururuka mumarabhoritari kuti kudzidza supersonic kutiza. Vakasara mativi dzinenge matanhatu conserved uye anogona hunonzi, kana zvichikodzera, aiswe kubhururuka ezvinhu.