Mararamiro emhando yemiti

Yenyika yakawanda inowanikwa nemimwe michero. Uye kunyange zvazvo vose zvavo vari munharaunda imwechete yezvisikwa zvipenyu, maitiro avo uye mafungiro evanhu vari voga. Izwi rokuti "mararamiro ehupenyu" yakatanga kubudiswa muna 1884 neDenanist botanist E. Kupisa. Akatenda kuti chimwe chimiro chehupenyu chinoratidzira nyika yemurimi iyo inogara iine mamiriro ezvinhu. Mune zvinotevera, zvakawanda zvezvirimwa zvakasarudzwa zvirongwa zvakasikwa maererano nechirevo chakafanana.

Mararamiro emhando yemiti: mbeu dzeK. Raunkire

Musayendisiti akakurumbira K. Raunkier akambogadzira sarudzo yake yemiti, iyo inotungamirirwa nechirevo chimwechete. Pano tinocherechedza chiratidzo chinokosha chekugadziriswa kune simba rekunze kwenzvimbo, iyo nzvimbo yeiyo mafungiro ekuvandudzwa maererano nevhu. Maererano nehurongwa urwu, mafomu anotevera anosiyana:

• Phanerophytes - misoro yezvipuka zvezvirimwa zvakadaro zviri mumhepo kunyange munguva dzakaipa zvikuru dzegore. Sezvo mutemo, kureba kubva kuitsvo dzekuvandudzwa kune ivhu remvura kunopfuura masentimita makumi matatu. Miti yakadaro yakanyatsorasikirwa nehutano hwemamiriro ekunze.
• Kusvibiswa - chinangwa chekupukunyuka kwakadaro kunowanikwa pamusoro pevhu, asi kureba pakati pavo hakupfuuri 20 kusvika ku 30 masentimita.
• Hemicryptophytes - mararamiro ehupenyu wemiti, iyo inoratidzirwa nechepasi nzvimbo yeitsvo dzekuvandudzwa. Sezvo mutemo, munguva dzakaipa dzegore, nheyo yepfuti iri pamusoro pevhu, pasi pemarara.
• Cryptophytes - iyo buds yekuvandudzwa kwemiti yakadaro inosungirirwa muvhu pachayo kana pasi pemvura;
• Iti terophyte imwe boka rezvirimwa, itsvo dzayo dzinongochengetwa chete mumhando yembeu.

Musayendisiti aidavira kuti hupenyu hwemhando dzezvirimwa - ndeye chikonzero chemazana emakore-akashandurwa kuti apone mune dzimwe nyika. Zvisinei, hurongwa hwakadaro hahuna kururama. Kune rumwe rutivi, uye kusvikira nhasi ino inowanzozivikanwa, inogara iri kuchinjwa.

Mararamiro emhando yemiti: mbeu ye I. Serebryakov

Icho chikamu, chakasimbiswa muna 1962 - 1964 neGig Serebryakov, nhasi inonzi inonyanya kukwana uye yakarurama. Apo yakasikwa, musayendisiti akacherechedza humwe hunhu hwemamiriro ekunze nemamiriro ezvinhu ekukura, pamwe nekugadzirwa kwezvirimwa uye zvinoumba. Machina madhipatimendi makuru akabatwa, rimwe nerimwe rawo rinosanganisira maitiro aro:

Nhengo dzinomera (dhipatimendi A). Pano ndiyo tsika yekusiyanisa marudzi matatu:

• Miti - mbeu dzechimiro ichi zvinoratidzwa nekuvapo kwesimbi ine simba, lignified. Idzi ndidzo dzinomiririra vamiririri vemiti.
• Shrub rimwe rimwe boka guru rezvirimwa rinoratidzwa nekuvapo kwezvikwata zvakasiyana zvichibva pakuvata.
• Shrubs ndeyezvirimwa zvakafanana nemashirwi, asi zvine zvimwe zvakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira madiki maduku uye hupenyu hurefu.

Semi-woody plants (Dhipatimendi B). Iboka iri rakakamurwa kuva mhando mbiri:

• Semishrubs-michero yakangofanana nemasango nemashizha, asi ine zvayo zvakasiyana. Semuenzaniso, maronda avo ane maronda haararamiki makore mashanu kusvika kune makumi matanhatu, uye mushure mokunge kufa hakugadzi kurara.
• Semishrubs.

Uswa hwenyika (dhipatimendi B) - zita rinoratidza zvakajeka kuti vamiririri venyika yezvirimwa vakabatana mune boka iri. Kune marudzi maviri:

• Polycarpic herbs ndeyemiti inotapira mbeu isingagumi, iyo inoyerera inogona kuonekwa gore roga roga, dzimwe nguva kunyange kakawanda pagore.
• Monocarpic herbs - izvi zvinomera zvinogona kurarama kubva kune imwe kusvika kune mamwe makore. Chimwe chinhu chakasiyana-siyana ndeyekuita maruva, kunoitika kamwe chete panguva yekusimudzirwa kwemiti, shure kweizvozvo muviri unofa.

Mvura herbs (Dhipatimendi D) - izvi zvinosanganisira zvipenyu zvine basa rinokosha nenzira imwe neimwe yakabatana nemhepo yakadzika. Iro tsika yekusiyanisa marudzi maviri:

• Mashizha ane mitsetse yakasvibira - mbeu yemiti yemiti yakadaro, sekutonga, iri pamusoro pemvura, pamuganhu wepasi nemvura.
• Mishonga yemvura iri pasi pemhando yemhando yezvirimwa zvine nzvimbo yega yega yemvura.

Ichokwadi, mararamiro ehupenyu nemhuka zvakasiyana kwazvo. Uye nhasi hapana mamiriro ezvinhu akanaka ekutsvaga kwavo.