Moment of inertia. Zvimwe zvinhu zve mechanic ye zvakasimba

Imwe yemitemo inokosha yekubatana kwezvinyorwa ndeye mutemo we inertia wakagadzirwa naIsaka Mukuru Newton. Neyiyi pfungwa, tinosangana pedyo nguva dzose, sezvo inenge ine simba guru pane zvinhu zvose zvepanyika, kusanganisira munhu. Nekudaro, huwandu hwakawanda hwepanyama seyo nguva ye inertia hauna kutenderwa kuwirirana nemutemo wakataurwa pamusoro, kusarudza simba uye nguva yezviito zvaro pane zvakasimba.

Kubva pakuona kwema mechanics, chero chinhu chipi nechipi chinogona kurondedzerwa sechinhu chisina kuchinja uye chakajeka (chinotarisirwa) chirongwa chemashoko, kurega kwemaviri pakati pekusiyana hakuenderana nemamiriro ekufamba kwavo. Nzira yakadaro inoita kuti zvikwanise kuverenga zvakajeka nemhando dzakakosha nguva ye inertia inenge inenge yose yakasimba. Chimwe chiitiko chinonakidza pano ndechekuti chero chakaoma, chinenge chakanyanyisa kunzwisisika , chinogona kumiririrwa semagadzirirwo ezvimwe nyore kubuda munzvimbo: kushandura nekushandura. Izvi zvinowedzerawo hupenyu hwevashandi vesayenzi mukuverengwa kwehuwandu hwakawanda huripo.

Inzwisise kuti chii nguva iyo inertia uye iyo inobatsira sei munyika inotitenderera iri nyore zvikuru nemuenzaniso wekuerekana kushanduka mukufambisa kwemotokari yevatengesi (braking). Muchiitiko ichi, tsoka dzekumira kwevatasvi vamire pasi inotakura. Asi zvakadaro paduru uye musoro chero ipi zvayo inenge isingazoiti, zvichienderana nezvavanenge vachiita kwenguva yakati zvicharamba zvichifambidzana neyekare yakagadzika. Somugumisiro, munhu anofamba achatsigira mberi kana kuwira. Mune mamwe mazwi, nguva ye inertia yemakumbo, kudzimiswa nesimba rekupesana pasi, richave rakanyanya kudarika zvese zvemashoko emuviri. Mufananidzo wakatarisana uchataridzwa nekuwedzera kwakasimba mumhanya yemotokari kana motokari.

Nguva ye inertia inogona kuumbwa sehuwandu hwepanyama hwakaenzana nemari yezvigadzirwa zvevanhu vepakutanga (avo vakafanana mapoka ehutano) pamakiromita emakiromita avo kubva pakusangana kwekuzungurudza. Icho chinotevera kubva kududziro iyi kuti chimiro ichi chinowedzera kuwedzera. Zvinyorwa zvishoma, nguva ye inertia yemuviri wenyama yakaenzana nemari yezvifananidzi zvakafanana zvezvikamu zvaro: J = J ₁ + J ₂ + J ₃ + ...

Ichi chinoratidza miviri yezvinowanzogadzirwa geometry inowanikwa kuedza. Tinofanirwa kufunga nezvenzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira kuwanda kwechimwe chinhu, icho chingave chisingatauriki pane dzimwe nharo dzayo, iyo inobatanidza izvo zvinonzi kusiyana kwemazana muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvemuviri. Saizvozvowo, mienzaniso yakawanda haisi yakakodzera pano. Semuenzaniso, nguva ye inertia yechindori ine imwe ruzivo uye yakasiyana-siyana, ine nheyo yekutenderera iyo inopfuura nepakati, inogona kuverengwa neyotevera: J = mR ² . Asi nenzira iyi hazvizokwanisi kuverenga kukosha kweiyo hoop, zvikamu zvose zvayo zvakaitwa nezvinhu zvakasiyana.

Uye nguva ye inertia yebhora rehupenyu hunoramba huripo uye inogadziriswa inogona kuverengwa nemutsetse: J = 2 / 5mR ² . Apo kuverenga iyi nhamba yemitumbi nekuremekedza maitiro maviri akafanana akafanana-siyana, imwe piramu inoshandiswa mumugwagwa - kureba pakati peexes, inoratidzwa netsamba a. Mutsara wechipiri wekushandura unoratidzirwa netsamba L. Somuenzaniso, fomu inogona kuva nechimiro chinotevera: J = L + ma ² .

Kunyatsodzidza kuongorora kwekufamba kwemaviri uye kushandiswa kwavo kwakatanga kuitwa naGalileo Galilei pamasangano ezana remakore gumi nematanhatu nemakore gumi nemanomwe. Vakabvumira musayendisiti mukuru, uyo akanga ari mberi kwenguva yake, kuti agadzirise mutemo wekutanga mukuchengetedzwa nemitumbi yemuviri yenyika yezororo kana yekudzoka kwechimiro cheNyika kunze kwekusavapo kwemamwe mimwe mitumbi pavari. Murairo we inertia waiva danho rokutanga pakusimbisa nheyo dzemitemo yemagetsi, asi zvisingatauriki zvachose, zvisinganzwisisiki uye zvakajeka. Zvadaro, Newton, kuumba mitemo yakawanda yekufamba kwemitumbi, yakabatanidzwa munhamba yavo uye mutemo we inertia.