Inotungamirwa, Nyaya
MuHondo (tafura uye musi)
Nhoroondo yevanhu - ndiko zvinosuwisa kwete nguva dzose munyika Zvakawanikwa uye mberi, uye kazhinji chains zviuru hondo. Izvi zvinosanganisira uye muHondo, kwamaitira kubva XI kusvika XIII remakore. Kuti tinzwisise zvikonzero uye vavariro, uyewo kuronda nhoroondo kuchabatsira ino. Zvichaitwa pamwe rakanyorwa pamusoro "kushingirira" tafura ine chinonyanya kukosha misi, mazita uye zviitiko.
Definition of "Hondo" uye "Crusader"
Hondo - ndiwo kurwisa nezvombo zvehondo vaKristu vaMuslim East, urwo rwakatora kwamakore anopfuura 200 (1096-1270) uye akaratidza munzira dzinenge sere zvesimba revarwi zvakarongwa kubva kunyika dzokuMadokero dzokuEurope. At yakazotevera nguva raiva zita upi pokurwa pamwe nechinangwa kuchiKristu uye kuwedzera pokudzora Ages Catholic Church.
Crusader - mukwikwidzi mushandirapamwe. On rwake rorudyi aiva chigamba muchimiro muchinjikwa Catholic. The mufananidzo iwoyo rinoshandisirwa ngowani uye mireza.
Zvikonzero, zvinangwa, zvinangwa, rutsigiro
Military zviito dzakarongwa neChechi yeKaturike. Wevakadzidza chikonzero chaiva kurwa pamwe vaMuslim chokusunungura Mutsvene kuguva, iri Holy Land (Palestine). Mazuva ano kunzwisisa nharaunda iyi zvinosanganisira nyika dzakadai weSiriya, Lebanon, Israel, Gaza, Jordan nevamwe.
Hapana chokwadi kubudirira. Panguva iyoyo yakanga vaidavira kuti munhu anova crusader, nokugamuchira kuregererwa kwezvivi zvose. Saka, va- panhengo zvakanga zvakakurumbira pamwe Knights uye dzomumaguta vanogara, vanhuwo zvavo. Latest mukutsinhana kuitawo kushingirira iri vakasunungurwa kubva serfdom. Uyezve, nokuti madzimambo European Hondo yakanga mukana kubvisa simba feudal madzishe, ane simba kwakawedzera munyika yavo. Rich vatengesi uye veguta akaona mikana zvoupfumi muchiuto kukunda. A vaizviita vafundisi yakakwirira dzinotungamirirwa vanapapa makrusedhi sechinhu nzira kusimbisa simba chechi.
Mavambo pakuguma Nguva Dzorudzidziso
1 Hondo yakatanga August 15, 1096, apo unorganized 50000th boka vanhuwo zvavo uye dzomumaguta murombo kuenda musasa pasina zvinhu uye kurovedza. Vari kunyanya kuita zvaibiwa kwakaenderera (sezvo ivo vaiona pachavo varwi vaMwari, raiva zvose munyika ino) akakunda vaJudha (avo vaionekwa vazukuru nevaurayi Kristu). Asi mukati gore yakaparadzwa mauto akasangana pamusoro nenzira Hungarians, uye gare gare vokuTurkey. Zvichitevera varombo boka kushingirira akaenda vakadzidziswa zvakanaka Knights. Nechekare muna 1099 vakasvika kuJerusarema, rokutora guta uye kuuraya vakawanda vagari. Izvi zviitiko uye paumbwe nzvimbo inonzi Umambo Jerusarema yakapera zvinoshingaira nguva rwokutanga. Uyezve pfuma (kusvika 1101) akanga chinangwa achisimbisa vakakunda miganhu.
Last Hondo (rechisere) akatanga June 18, 1270 pamwe kumhara pamusoro mutongi French Louis IX Army muna Tunisia. Zvisinei, kuita izvi dzakaguma muna kukundikana; kunyange pamberi pamambo hondo vakanga vafa denda akaita Dzorudzidziso kudzokera kumusha. Panguva iyi, simba chiKristu kuPalestine akanga usingashandi, uye vaMuslim, nekusiyana, akasimbisa nzvimbo dzavo. Somugumisiro, vakanga guta Acre, uko hwogumisa nenguva muHondo.
1-4 fung nevaIslam (tafura)
Years nevaIslam | Vatungamiri uye / kana zviitiko zvikuru | zvabuda | |
1 Hondo | 1096-1101 | Duke Gotfrid Bulonsky, Duke Robert pamusoro Normandy, uye vamwe. Kutora maguta reNicaea, Edessa, Jerusarema uye nevamwe. | Kuziviswa kwoUmambo muJerusarema |
2nd Hondo | 1147-1148 | Mambo France , Louis VII, Mambo Germany Conrad III | Dzorudzidziso kukundwa, Kuregwa Jerusarema, hondo mutongi Egyptian Saladin |
Third kushingirira | 1189-1192 | Mambo Germany uye naMambo yeRoma Empire Frederick I Barbarossa, French Korol Kuvshinov II uye Chirungu King Richard I wokuEngland The kubatwa ari chengarava guta Acre, June 11, 1191 | Mhedziso chibvumirano ne Richard I Shera vaGiriyedhi-Din (disadvantageous kuti hristan) |
4th Hondo | 1202-1204 | Achitora uye zvaibiwa kwakaenderera pamusoro Byzantine guta weConstantinople April 13, 1204 | The weboka Byzantine nyika |
5-8th nevaIslam (tafura)
Years nevaIslam | Vatungamiri uye zviitiko zvikuru | zvabuda | |
5th kushingirira | 1217-1221 | Duke Leopold yeAustria VI, Mambo II Hungary Andras, et al for. Aende Palestine uye neIjipiti. | Kukundikana kurwisa muIjipiti uye hurukuro Jerusarema nokuti kushaya nokubatana utungamiri |
6th Hondo | 1228-1229 | mambo German uye mambo hweRoma , Frederick II Staufen March 18, 1229 akatorwa Jerusarema | The kubatwa kweJerusarema sungano Sultan weIjipiti Muna 1244 guta yakapfuura zvakare mumaoko vaMuslim |
7th Hondo | 1248-1254 | French Korol Lyudovik IX St. March neIjipiti | The kukundwa Hondo Tsvene andobata mambo wakatevera kutenga, uye kudzokera kumusha |
8th Hondo | 1270 | St. Louis IX June 18, 1270 - achiwana muna Tunisia. | Collapsing kwidza nokuda kupararira nedenda uye rufu King |
zvabuda
vakabudirira sei vakanga vakawanda makrusedhi, netafura rinonyatsoratidza. Pakati dzekare hakuna chete pfungwa, chii kukanganisa zviitiko muupenyu Western dzavanhu.
Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti muHondo akavhura nzira East, achitanga zveupfumi nemagariro noushamwari itsva. Vamwe dzinoti zviri zvikuru kubudirira pane chaigona kuitwa murunyararo nzira. Kunyanya yokupedzisira kushingirira yakaguma muna zvachose kukundikana.
Imwe nzira kana mumwe, mune dzakawanda Western Europe, mave kuchinja: kukura simba vanapapa, uye nesimba madzimambo; impoverishment pakati kwamachinda uye kuwedzera dzomumaguta nharaunda; Kirasi chitarisiko vakasununguka varimi ekare serf kugamuchira rusununguko nokuda kugoverana muHondo.
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