Persian umambo: munhoroondo matangiro, upenyu uye tsika nemagariro

Persian umambo vakasimudzira zvikuru pamusoro nhoroondo Ancient World. Vakaumba wedzinza mubatanidzwa duku Achaemenid State yakatora makore anenge mazana maviri. The kutaurwa zvokushamisira uye simba munyika nevaPezhiya vari zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvekare, kusanganisira Bhaibheri.

kutanga

Kutaurwa wePezhia yokutanga yakawanikwa zvinyorwa reAsiriya. Zvinyorwa, kudanana kubva IX remakore BC. e., rine zita Parsua nyika. Nepariri, nzvimbo iyi yaiva Central neZagros, uye akati nguva, vanhu vari munzvimbo akabhadhara mutero kuvaAsiria. Tribal Songaniro hariko. VaAsiriya taura ivo aidzora 27 umambo. Mune VII. VaPezhiya, sezviri pachena akapinda dzokumaruwa mubatanidzwa, sezvo matsime akanga anotaura madzimambo yorudzi Achaemenids. History hwePezhiya kunotanga 646 BC, kana nevaPezhiya akava mutongi Cyrus I. In ushe kwaKoreshi muPeresia ari ini akawedzera zvikuru nharaunda pasi pavo, kusanganisira ive chikamu chikuru Iranian rwenze. Panguva iyoyo zvakanga akavamba guru rokutanga Persian hwacho - pakati Pasargadae. Part of nevaPezhiya aidaro kurima, kazhinji akatungamirira runochengeta upenyu.

The chidzoke hwePezhiya

Pakapera VI. BC. e. vanhu Persian Cambyses I pamusoro mitemo, iyo hwaibva madzimambo evaMedhiya. Mwanakomana Cambyses, Cyrus II, akava mambo nevaPezhiya vakagara. Information pamusoro dzekare vanhu Persian mashoma uye sketchy. Sezviri pachena, chikuru chevanhu chakanga ateteguru mhuri dzinotungamirirwa waiva munhu aiva nekodzero dzokurasa upenyu uye pfuma yavo vadiwa. Nharaunda, pakuzvarwa pakutanga, uye gare gare - mumusha, kwemazana emakore akawanda raiva simba simba. Nzanga dzinoverengeka vakaumba rudzi, madzinza akawanda angave kunzi rudzi.

The chidzoke hwePezhiya yakanga panguva yose Middle East yakakamurwa pakati munyika ina: Ijipiti, Media, Lydia, Bhabhironi.

Kunyange kwayo ichatonga zvine mbiri raiva Midia chaizvoizvo kusimba dzemadzinza mubatanidzwa. Nemhaka kukunda mambo Cyaxares vaMedhia ave vakateerera kuomerera Urartu uye nyika yekare weEramu. Cyaxares zvizvarwa vasingagoni kuchengeta kukunda tateguru rake guru. Constant hondo neBhabhironi zvinoda kuvapo mauto pamuganhu. Izvi vakashaisa dzakawanda enyika avaMedhi kupfuura vatongi vari pasi pamambo evaMedhia, uye vatora mukana.

Kira II Board

Muna 553 BC Cyrus II akatungamirira kupandukira vaMedhia, navaPeresia, akabhadhara mutero emakore. Hondo rwakatora makore matatu uye kwakaguma neguyo kukundwa avaMedhi. Capital Media (g Ektabany) akava mumwe dzokugara ose mutongi muPezhiya. Zvaakanga ndakunda nyika yekare, Cyrus II pamutemo zvabatwa evaMedhia umambo uye akafunga misoro muMedhia akapiwa vatongi. Saka vakatanga paumbwe hwePezhiya.

Mushure kubatwa eMedhiya nePezhiya akataura pacharo idzva mamiriro munhoroondo yenyika, uye mazana maviri emakore akabatanidzwa basa rinokosha kuitika kuMiddle East. Mumakore 549-548. itsva mamiriro Eramu akakunda uye yakakunda anoverengeka nyika dzaiumba evaMedhia Power. KuPatiya, Armenia, Hyrcania akatanga kubhadhara mutero mutongi mutsva Persian.

The hondo Lydia

Croesus, mubati Lydia simba, akaona kuti mupikisi ngozi ndiyo hwePezhiya. vanoverengeka mibatanidzwa yakanga yakasainwa Ijipiti Sparta. Zvisinei, kutanga yakazara pamwero rechiuto chiito zvakanga zvisingaiti vatsigiri. Croesus aisada kumirira rubatsiro uye akaita oga nevaPersia. Mugore yairwirwa hondo guru Lydia - guta wokuSadhisi, Croesus kuna yekurwira vamabhiza ake, iyo yainzi asingakundiki. Cyrus II akaisa masoja ngamera. Mabhiza kuona mhuka asingazivikanwi, akaramba kuteerera mutasvi, Lydian vamabhiza dzakamanikidzwa kurwa netsoka. hondo Kusabatwa yakaguma shure pakati vokuRidhiya, ipapo wokuSadhisi rakatorwa rakakombwa nevaPezhiya. Vaimbove vatsigiri pakati Spartans Croesus chete akasarudza kununura. Asi apo paaigadzirira kwidza, guta wokuSadhisi ndokuwa, navaPersia vakakundwa Lydia.

Kuparidzira kumiganhu

Zvino rechiGiriki guta-inotaura kuti vakanga munharaunda Asia Minor. Pashure dzakatevedzana Unobata guru uye kudzvanyirira nokumukira nevaPezhiya akakunda policies, nokudaro kukwanisa kushandisa muhondo ngarava Greek.

Pakupera ari VI remakore hwePezhiya akawedzera nemiganhu yayo kuchamhembe-vokumadokero kumatunhu India, wechiHindu Kush kusvika cordons uye yakakunda madzinza vanogara mumudziyo. Syrdarya. Chete pashure kusimbisa miganhu, kudzvanyirira nokumukirana uye kuvagadza simba roumambo Koreshi II akataura kuti Bhabhironi simba. On October 20, 539 BC, guta akawa, uye Koreshi II akava mutongi pamutemo weBhabhironi, uye panguva imwecheteyo mubati mumwe mikuru masimba zvenyika yekare - woushe.

Cambyses 'Kutonga

Koreshi akaurayiwa muhondo Massagets muna 530 BC. e. Mutemo wake yakabudirira vakatevera mwanakomana Cambyses. Mushure kwazvo rokutanga nedzenyu kurovedza Egipita, mumwe muvengi wePezhia, ndaiva zvose oga uye vasingagoni kuverenga nokutsigirwa vatsigiri. Kambiz akaziva zano rababa vake uye akakunda Ijipiti muna 522 BC. e. Zvichakadaro muna Persia sevanhu vakuru kundigumbura uye mutiny. Cambyses akakurumidza kumba uye akafa mumugwagwa tsarukano. Kwapera nguva, vekare vokuPezhiya umambo kwakapa mukana wokuwana simba mumiririri womuduku bazi Achaemenids - Dhariyasi Hystaspes.

Pakutanga ushe kwaDhariusi

The nepfari nesimba Dhariusi ini shungu kutsutsumwa uye varanda muBhabhironi. Mutungamiri vapanduki akazviti mwanakomana wokupedzisira mutongi weBhabhironi, uye akazozivikanwa Navuhodononosorom III. Muna December 522 BC. e. Dhariusi ndakahwina. Vatungamiriri vevapanduki vakaurawa paruzhinji kuurayiwa.

Kuri zviito akatsausa Dhariusi, uye panguva ino akakwira nemhirizhonga muna Media, Eramu, kuPatiya nezvimwe minda. gavhuna mutsva akatora inopfuura gore kuti anokunyaradza nyika uye kudzorera mamiriro raKoreshi uye Cambyses II mune yaimbova miganhu.

Munguva pakati 518 uye 512 makore simba Persian dzakakundwa Macedonia, muThrace uye chikamu India. nguva ino anonzi ichatonga zvine mbiri oumambo yekare wePezhia. Mamiriro enyika kukosha vakanga vakabatana pasi hwake, vakawanda munyika uye mazana nemadzinza nevanhu.

mudziyo Social Ancient Persian. kuchinja Dhariusi

Persian Achaemenid umambo pachiratidzwa hombe siyana magariro evanhu uye tsika. Babylonia, Siriya, Egypt, Persia, asati vaiona zvikuru dzakabudirira, uye munguva ichangopfuura akakunda anongofamba madzinza muSitiya uye dzechiArabhu mavambo vachiri panguva pavaipfuura chinyakare mararamiro.

The cheni yokumukira makore 522-520. It akaratidza inefficiency pamusoro rapfuura Zano hurumende. Naizvozvo Dhariusi ndikakoka vanoverengeka administrative kunoparirwa uye akasimbisa yakatsiga gadziriro wehurumende kudzora pamusoro vakakunda vanhu. The zvokuchinja akava wokutanga munhoroondo ane basa administrative hurongwa, waimira sezvo vatongi Achaemenids chizvarwa vanopfuura mumwe.

Zvinobudirira utariri chikwata muenzaniso pachena sei kutonga Persian Dhariusi simba. The nyika yakakamurwa kupinda administrative maruwa taxable, iyo vainzi satrapies. Dimensions satrapies akakura zvikuru kupfuura nharaunda vokutanga States, uye mune zvimwe zviitiko rakaenderana ethnographic miganhu marudzi ekare. Somuenzaniso, mashoko satrapy weIjipiti munharaunda yakakura anenge zvakazara uwirirane miganhu wehurumende ichi kusvikira kukunda wayo nevaPezhiya. Akatungamirira maruwa vakuru vakuru vehurumende - machinda. Kusiyana vamutangira, vakatsvaka magavhuna ake pakati kwamachinda ari vakakunda vanhu, Dhariusi I bheji pamusoro zvinzvimbo izvi chete vepamusorosoro yakatangwa Persian.

vicegerent

Pakuvamba, mubati yakabatana uye okutarisira nedzevanhu mabasa. Nomuchinda nguva Dhariusi aiva simba vehurumende chete, vakuru vemauto havana kuzviisa pasi pake. Machinda aiva nekodzero chemindi mari, vaitarisira munyika zvoupfumi basa, kuunganidzwa kwemitero, hwatinopiwa kururamisira. In yorunyararo, namachinda zvakagoverwa duku murindi pachako. Vehondo uyewo pasi chete, yakazvimirira machinda.

Implementation Hurumende zvinhu zvakakonzera kusikwa hombe nechepakati administrative midziyo inotungamirirwa basa youmambo. Public Kutarisirwa akatungamirira guru Persian hwacho - guta reShushani. maguta Major weBhabhironi nguva Ektabana, Memphis aivawo hofisi yavo.

Machinda namachinda vaitungamirirwa vakasvinurira kudzora mapurisa epachivande. In zvinyorwa yekare rainzi "nzeve uye ziso yamambo." Kuzvidzora uye kutarisira pamusoro machinda akapiwa hazarapatu - mukuru. State matsamba yakaitiswa nechiAramaiki, izvo aiva anenge marudzi ose wePezhiya.

The tsika hwePezhiya

Ancient Persia akasiya kuvazukuru nhaka huru mapurani. Anoshamisa wamambo kunzwisisa muShushani, Persepolis uye Pasargadae akaita zvinoshamisa mwoyo venguva yake. Royal Manor akakombwa minda nemapaki. Mumwe zvivako hwakawanda huripo, Ndiro rinda Cyrus II. zvivako zvakawanda zvakafanana, yomuka kuburikidza emakore, vakanga yakavambwa pamusoro mavakirwo guva mambo wePezhiya. Culture Persian umambo vakabatsira mbiri mambo uye nokusimbaradza simba roumambo pakati akakunda ndudzi.

Unyanzvi Ancient Persia unobatanidzwa ari mifananidzo tsika amarudzi Iranian, kurukana vane zvinhu, veIjipiti tsika Greek, muAsiriya. Pakati vasara vazukuru zvinhu anezvakawanda kwezvishongo, nendiro vases, uye makapu siyana, yakashongedzwa pezvinhu mifananidzo. A kanoda zvakawanwa abate vakawanda anodhinda nemifananidzo madzimambo uye magamba, uyewo mhuka dzakasiyana-siyana uye zvisikwa zvakazonaka.

Zvoupfumi nguva kwaDhariusi wokuPezhiya

The chinzvimbo chinokosha kubatikana muumambo wePersia kuziva. Namachinda aiva matunhu makuru ose vakakunda nenharaunda. migove Huge -bereka kune "vabatsiri" mambo oga dhigirii pamberi pake. Varidzi venyika idzi vaiva nekodzero kudzora kuchinjwa minda iri nhaka nokuzvizvarwa zvavo, uyewo wavo achengetesa Implementation ari rokutonga simba pamusoro vaanotonga. Zvikuru kushandiswa munyika-kushandisa mamiriro ezvinhu umo kwokurangana vainzi kwokurangana bhiza, kubaya, nengoro, uye zvichingodaro. nyika yakadaro mambo akapa vanhu vake, nokuti kuti pavanatenzi vavo vaifanira kushanda muuto sezvo emauto, uta, navatasvi.

Asi zvakadaro maturakiti nyika huru dzakanga muridzi zvakananga mambo pachake. Dzinowanzotanga kurenda. Nokuda kutora kwavo chigadzirwa hwokurima uye mhuka minda.

Kuwedzera panyika, kwaiva migero chaipo simba roumambo. Kudzora roumambo pfuma kuti risi navo uye ari kuenda pakudimurisa kushandisa mvura. Yokudiridzira rakaorera nevhu vave mhosva, richisvika 1/3 of chirimwa vomuridzi womunda.

Labor pfuma Persia

Muranda basa yaishandiswa sectors dzose upfumi. Kazhinji Vazhinji vavo vakanga vasungwa vehondo. Leveraged muuranda apo vanhu vakazviita, havana vakapararira. Varanda vaiva nhamba ropafadzo, akadai kodzero micherechedzo dzavo uye kuita siyana kwema sezvo zvizere vakaroorana. Muranda aigona kudzikinura pachake nokubhadhara zvimwe zvakavakodzera, uye uve mukwiriri, mukwirirwi kana chapupu pakati zvekufamba, Chokwadi, kwete pamusoro vanatenzi vavo. Tsika kukwezva basa vashandi mubayiro vamwe mari zvaizoparadzirwa. Basa vashandi ava kunyanya kupararira muBhabhironi, apo vakachera mugero, vakaronga migwagwa uye kukohwewa namambo kana minda temberi.

The zvemari Politika Dariya

Kwainyanya zveminda kusvikira muchivigiro vaiva mitero. Muna 519 BC, mambo mvumo inokosha wehurumende mutero hurongwa. Mitero vakanga akaverenga kuti satrapy nomumwe akapiwa nharaunda yayo uye ivhu rakaorera. NevaPezhiya sorudzi anokunda dzibvise anoshandisa hazvibhadharwi, asi havana asingachaiti mutero zvinorwadza.

mari siyana riripo kunyange pashure kubatanidzwa yacho, vakauya yakawanda zvingasanakira, saka muna 517 BC. e. mambo mutsva goridhe mari, inonzi Darik wakatangwa. Svikiro zvokutsinhanisa aiva yeshekeri sirivha, kukudyira 1/20 Darika uye akashanda ari bargaining Chip mumazuva iwayo. Musi neizvi zvose mari yakaiswa mufananidzo Dhariusi I.

Migwagwa hwePezhiya

Kugovera mugwagwa samambure vakabatsira kukura kutengeserana pakati siyana satrapies. The youmambo mugwagwa hwePezhiya rakatanga muna Lydia, akayambuka Asia Minor uye achipfuura Bhabhironi, uye kubva ikoko - kusvikira Susa uye Persepolis. Vakaisa nevaGiriki mabhuku Lanes zvave vakabudirira kushandiswa nevaPezhiya muna zvokutengeserana uye kuchinjwa mauto. Kunewo kufamba kwokunakidzwa vaPezhiya vekare Somuenzaniso, kufamba aidzidzisa Scylax pamusoro Caryanda kuti Indian pamhenderekedzo muna 518 BC. e.