Munich Agreement

zvakananga, Munich Agreement It anganzi mumwe zvakakura vatorwa mutemo zvikanganiso 1930s. Iri nedzenyu chibvumirano, izvo akamuka ari kubvuma, wakatangwa neEuropean kunyika Nazi Germany, kuedza kuramba militancy kwayo, asi zvakazoita kuti nokutambudzika Second World War.

Pashure pokuwa uye partition of hweAustria-Hungary, kubva muna 1918 kusvika 1938 dzemadzinza veGermany vanopfuura mamiriyoni matatu vari mundima itsva mamiriro kuCzechoslovakia, inoganhurana miganhu enhoroondo nharaunda muBohemia Kingdom. Ivo pfungwa iri Sudetenland. Maererano Natalia Lebedeva, munyori wezvakaitika kare pamusoro Russian Academy of Sciences, uye makumi maviri muzana Czechoslovakia ndiye German.

Sudeten mutungamiri German Konrad Henlein akavamba Sudeten bato German, waimira sezvo bazi Nazi Party uye kuita chete sezvinodiwa Germany. Pakazosvika 1935, ndiyo enyika chechipiri pakukura bato muCzechoslovakia. Nguva pfupi pashure Anschluss (kubatana pamwe Germany) kuAustria, March 28, 1938 Henlein vakasangana Hitler muBerlin, kwaakanga akarayirwa kurera zvinodiwa kuti Czechoslovak Government, rinozivikanwa Carlsbad purogiramu. Pakati zvinodiwa - yakaenzana kodzero pamwe Czechs uye kuzvionera kuti vokuGermany vaigara Czechoslovakia. Kana Czechoslovak Hurumende yakanga vagadzirira zvakakomba zvichemo nekuda Germany vashoma, mubvunzo kuzvionera kwakanga kusingadiwi.

Urongwa Hitler mushure annexation Austria danho rakanga kukunda Czechoslovakia uye kugadzwa ane Germany Greater. Muna May 1938 zvikazikamwa kuti basa of Czechoslovakia chaizvoizvo ndiyo nyaya kuti Germany. May 20 Hitler vake vehondo pfupi basa chaipiwa kuna kurwiswa kuCzechoslovakia, codenamed Operation "vihreä". In pakavanda rinoratidza chasainwa Hitler, mazuva mashomanana gare gare, zvainzi kuti, kutanga kundorwa Czechoslovakia kwete paya pane 1 October.

Hurumende Czechoslovak vaitarisira kuti France, uyo akanga apinda sungano, vaizouya kununura iri chiitiko munhu nechisimba German. The Soviet Union aivawo sungano kuCzechoslovakia, zvichiratidza kuda pamwe France uye Great Britain. Zvisinei, zvinogona mabasa Soviet Union dzave kuteerera yose dambudziko. Adolf Hitler akanzwisisa kuti Britain uye France aisada hondo, asi ivo kashoma kutsvaka kuti vabatane pamwe Soviet Union, munhu pevatongi tsika iyo nyika idzi anovengwa kunyange kupfuura yaHitler udzvinyiriri kwechiFascist.

Zvichida panguva iyoyo pacharo, Czechoslovakia, yakanga uto rakasimba aizokwanisa kurega kurwisa mauto aHitler. The Soviet Union, maererano yesungano 1935, akasaina pakati penyika mbiri, aigona kubatsira Czechoslovakia chete chiitiko kuti danho rakadaro akabvuma France.

September 18 Italian Duce Benito Mussolini akapa rwokutaura Trieste, apo akati kuti Italy anotsigira kuitika dambudziko muGermany.

British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, uyo aiva mutsigiri mutemo vachifadza atadza, akanga akatsunga kuti kana, kuitira kudzivirira hondo. Akaita nzendo mbiri Germany, pasina kubvunza pamwe Czechoslovak vatungamiriri, Hitler akapa yakanaka ezvinhu, asi Fuehrer akaramba achiwedzera zvinodiwa, achingoti Zvinotaurwa kwemarudzi vokuGermany muPoland uye Hungary kuchavawo kugutsikana.

September 24, vachitaura panguva Sports Palace muBerlin, Hitler pakutaura kwake akapa Czechoslovakia pamberi September 28 kuti cede ari Sudetenland, zvimwe Germany akaenda kuhondo.

Czechoslovakia akatanga vanounganidzira mauto ayo. The Soviet Union akazivisa nokugadzirira aro kubatsira Czechoslovakia. Zvisinei, President Benes of Czechoslovakia Edvar akaramba kuenda kuhondo pasina kutsigira masimba Western.

Neville Chamberlain uye French Prime Minister Eduard Delade akaenda Munich kupindura zvinorayirwa aHitler.

Benito Mussolini akapa Hitler nzira yokugadzirisa dambudziko: kubata musangano nevatungamiriri venyika mana (UK, France, Italy, Germany), dzakakudzingai Czechoslovakia uye Soviet Union, kuti vawedzere mukana kusvika pakubvumirana, uye kuchera yokubatana kuti vangadaro kwete nyasha Germany.

Musangano mutsindo, anozivikanwa somunhu Munich Conference, kwakaitika musi waSeptember 29-30 muimba "Führerbau" (House of Führer). Vaitaura vakanga pamutemo hwakatangwa Mussolini Zvisinei, sezvo yakawanikwa makore mashomanana gare gare, zano Italian rakagadzirirwa neShumiro Foreign Affairs muGermany. Mauto eGermany akanga rwugare Sudetenland kubudikidza October 10, uye International Commission - kusarudza remangwana dzimwe nharo nzvimbo. Vapererwa kudzivirira kwehondo uye kutsvaka kudzivisa kubatana neSoviet Union, Neville Chamberlain uye Édouard Daladier vakabvumirana kuti Sudetenland aende muGermany. In dzoka, Hitler akavimbisa asisiri kuti zvinoda chero nzvimbo Europe.

Pakupedzisira, chisarudzo yakanga formalized muGermany, Britain, France, uye Italy akasaina Munich Agreement, pasi iyo yakanga kudziviswa kwehondo, asi wapfuura pamusoro Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia Germany. Hurumende Czechoslovak rakamanikidzwa kuchigamuchira. Nevill Chemberlen Eduardu Beneshu akati kuti Britain haana kupinda hondo iri dambudziko Sudetenland.

Daladier uye Chamberlain akadzokera kumba, apo vakanga vakasangana neboka sedziri vanhu, kutorerwa kuti ngozi yehondo akanga apfuura. Chamberlain akatendeukira mashoko British voruzhinji, kuti iye "akauyisa rugare munguva yedu." Asi mashoko ake akanga pakarepo kukundwa munhu akakurumbira enyika Winston Churchill, uyo akati kuti Neville wakasarudza pakati hondo nokuzvidzwa, "Iwe vakasarudza nokuzvidzwa, uye hondo achauya." Hurumende yeBritain rakarasika kutsigira Czech hurumende uye Czech Army, mumwe yakaisvonaka Europe, akataura kuti Winston Churchill nemamwe vakakurumbira wezvematongerwe enyika, Entoni Iden. Vazhinji dzekare vanobvuma kuti Munich chibvumirano, paakaziva sezvo huru nharo ndeyokudzivisa rechiuto makakatanwa, raishanda vakatongerwa Europe kuti pokudengenyeka hondo.

Daladier anonyara unonyengera chibvumirano, asi Chamberlain akafara. Ndisati ndabva Munich, iye kunyange akasaina pamwe gwaro Hitler anovimbisa kuti UK uye Germany vachaedza kusawirirana kuitira rugare munguva yemberi.

Zuva mushure kusaina pamusoro chibvumirano rakanyorovera Germany yakatora mashoko Sudetenland. Policy sezvo Chamberlain kwave vazvidzisa kwegore.

Gare gare muna partition of Czechoslovakia akanga wakapindwa Poland uye Hungary aiva yavo miganhu zvaaitaura. Kugumisa kuti Munich Agreement, muna March 1939, Germany yaigarwa kuramba chikamu Czechoslovakia. Nyika havasisipo. September 1, 1939 Germany yakarwisa Poland. Hondo Yenyika II yakatanga. Chete ipapo Neville Chamberlain akaziva kuti Hitler vaisagona kuvimbwa.

Munich Agreement rava rakafanana nerokuti kusabatsira chokuyananisira pamusoro expansionist mutemo pamusoro pevatongi inoti, kunyange zvazvo vamwe nzira akabatsira kutenga nguva yokuti vatsigiri kuwedzera zvavo kurwisana chemwoyo.