Mutemo Raoult vake.

mutemo Raoult hwakagadzwa muna 1887 imwe yakakurumbira French yefizikisi. zita rake iye anobereka. mutemo Raoult kuti yakavakirwa zvimwe kubatana kuti kuderedza mhute kwokudzvinyirira kwomunhu dilution vasiri electrolytes. Okufananidza kumanikidzwa rutapudzo akaiswa mushonga wokuuraya vaviri zvakafanana nemashoko nhuta chikamu rakasanganiswa fuma. mutemo uyu vakauya musayendisiti French kudzidza siyana dambudziko mvura (non-kugadzikana) uye zvinhu (nezvishoma).

Kubva Mutemo Raoult anogona kudzidzwa kuti kuwedzera kufashaira kutonhora kana kuchiderera nechando pfungwa yacho rakasanganiswa mhinduro ari reshiyo pamwe matadza zvinoenderana undiluted fuma kuwanda uye kushandiswa kuwana kwayo samolecular uremu.

Akakodzera mhinduro unonzi kuitira kuti maitiro ayo ose aenderane kuMudzidzisi zvinodiwa nomurayiro Raul. More fungidzira zvingaitwa kunzi avo chete vari asiri polar magasi uye mvura. Ndiko, vanoumba mamorekuru havafaniri kuchinja nhungamiro yaro huripo yemagetsi munda. Somugumisiro, kupisa kuburitsa achava razero. Ipapo ehupfumi ari mhinduro zvichava nyore kuwana, sezvo zvakafanira kufunga chete pfuma yavo yepakutanga zvinoriumba uye proportionality, umo vaiitawo kunoitika haticheskim nzira.

With zvingaitwa izvi kuti izvozvo kukarukureta kwakaoma zvisingaiti. Nekuti paumbwe zvinogadzirisa, kazhinji zvinowanisa kupisa, kana vakomana zvazvakaita - ichi mhinduro absorbs kupisa pachayo.

It akadana exothermic muitiro umo kupisa chizvarwa kunoitika, uye endothermic muitiro - mumwe, umo wefodya.

Colligative ehupfumi chemhinduro ndivo vari kunyanya novimba wevasungwa chemhinduro, pane kubva dzinongoitika rakasanganiswa dzinongoitika fuma. Colligative miganhu zvikuru kumanikidzwa, tembiricha uye kuoma nechando nemhinduro pachayo iri Proportional kwokudzvinyirira kwomunhu solvent vapor.

Murairo Raul rokutanga anosanganisa kuramba kumanikidzwa pamwando pamusoro chingapedza kwayo sezvamunoita. Tsanangudzo mutemo uyu zvakanyorwa sezvinotevera: Pi = Vap * Xi.

The Proportional kumanikidzwa chiutsi vaunganidza zvinogadzirisa pakati zvakamisa hurongwa ndiyo Proportional wacho ukoshi nhuta nezvikamu zviri mhinduro zvakananga. The proportionality coefficient akaenzana mhute kufurirwa pamusoro kuramba insoluble zvinoriumba.

Sezvo mugumisiro akasanganiswa nhuta zvikamu zviduku rose zvinoumba zvinogadzirisa 1, pashure binary mhinduro zvinosanganisira yenhengo akadai A uye B, tinogona kuona zvichiita reshiyo uyewo rinobatana kutaura mutemo wokutanga Raoult kuti: (P0A-PA) / P0A = XB.

Murairo Raul rechipiri - uku mugumisiro mutemo wokutanga, mazita musayendisiti kubva kuFrance. mutemo uyu chinoshanda chete vamwe sanganisa zvingaitwa.

Achidzikisa nechando pfungwa nokungwarira rakasanganiswa zvinogadzirisa vasiri kugadzikana nyaya maererano kuunganidza molal mhinduro, uye havana chero kutarisirwa dzinongoitika zvinhu rakasanganiswa: T0fr-Tfr = Tfr = Km.

Kuwedzera kubika pfungwa chinetso rakasanganiswa vasiri kugadzikana zvinhu vasiri zvichienderana yezvakaita rakasanganiswa fuma, uye zviri zvakananga Proportional zvinoriumba molal mhinduro: T0b-Tb = Tb = Em .

Ebullioskopicheskaya chenguva, i.e. kkoeffitsient E - ndiwo musiyano pakati zvakananga mhinduro Kubika tembiricha uye zvachose undiluted mhinduro.

Cryoscopic kuramba, i.e. ari coefficient K - ndiwo musiyano pakati mhinduro nechando tembiricha uye zvachose undiluted mhinduro.