Mutemo wekune dzimwe nyika uye wekubhadhara weElizaveta Petrovna. Kutonga kwaElizabeth I

Erizaveta Petrovna akakwira pachigaro choumambo nekuda kwemubatanidzwa muna 1741. Akanga ari mukunda weMambo Akakurumbira Peter I naCatherine I. Mutemo wekunze nekunze weEthiel Petrovna waiva nechinangwa chekuenderera mberi kwekuvandudzwa kwababa vake. Mudzimai akasarudza kutungamira hupenyu hwusina maturo, uye simba riri muhurumende raiva mumaoko emadikanwi. Pasinei neizvi, kutonga kwake kwakaratidzwa nehuwandu hwekushandurwa. Muchikamu chino, tichakurukura nezvekuvandudzwa kwakaitwa naErizaveta Petrovna, nekudzokorora muchidimbu mitemo yayo yekunze kune dzimwe nyika uye yepamba.

Panzira yekuenda nesimba

Elizaveta Petrovna akazvarwa muna 1709. Pane uchapupu hwokuti akanga ari mwanasikana waMambo waaida. Elizabeth akawana dzidzo yakanaka. Peter I, achitarisira kuroora mwanasikana wake kuna Louis XV, akakoka vadzidzisi vakanakisisa kuti vadzidzise chiFrench. Unhu hwaErizabheti hunosanganiswa uye hunoziva. Vanyori vezvakaitika kare vanotaura kuti muAmpress mune ramangwana aida kupfeka zvipfeko zvepamusoro, achida kutamba uye akafamba akatasva mabhiza.

Mushure mekufa kwaPetro I, muzukuru waErizabheti akakwira pachigaro-Petro II. Mushure mokufa kwake muna 1730, Anna Ioannovna akauya kuzova nesimba. Panguva iyoyo, simba rehurumende yakakwirira rakawira zvikuru. Mushure mekufa kwaAna Ioannovna, muzukuru wake Ivan VI akatora chigaro , asi nekuda kwehuduku hwake Anna Leopoldovna anotonga nyika. Mitemo ye regent iyi haina kufadza nepamusoro pevanhu veRussia.

The coup d'etat

Kuenda kune chigaro chaEthizabeth Petrovna kunosangana nehurumende yehupfumi ye1741. Yaiva mugumisiro weurongwa hwepamusoro-soro hwevanhu, uye avo vakaronga vaiva IG Lestoc uye Emempress yakamangwana. Kuburitswa kwakaitwa pamwe nekubatsirwa kwevarindi veCeobrazhensky regiment. MunaNovember 1741, ma manifestoes maviri akabudiswa. Vakanyatsosimbisa kutenderwa kwechigaro choushe chaEthiel Petrovna uye vakataura kuti kutonga kwaIvan VI kwakatenderwa.

Zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti mune sangano rekugumburwa kwakakonzerwa naImpress. Lestok, A. Shuvalov, P. Shuvalov, A. Razumovsky, M. Vorontsov. Vakanga vari rubatsiro rukuru rweErizabheti mumakore ekutonga kwake.

Kuchinja kwezvematongerwo enyika

Muma1740. Erizaveta Petrovna aibva kunze kwenyika uye mutemo wepamberi waiva nechinangwa chekudzoka kuPerrine kuchinja. Akapinda pachigaro cheushe, akadzokera kuSeneti kodzero dzaaiva nadzo nenguva yekutonga kwababa vake. Munguva yekutonga kwaEmai Elizabeth, 1 mabasa emuviri uyu haana kuonekwa nechinangwa chikuru chekuchinja. Maitiro makuru eSenate aive nechinangwa chekugadzirisa zvinetso sezvavanomuka.

Erizaveta Petrovna wezvematongerwe enyika akachinja zvakare akabata VaKatini. Muviri uyu wakabviswa. Pane kudaro, muMmress akasimbisa Musangano mudare repamusoro. Aitarisira mabasa eSeneti.

Uyewo, munguva yaElizabeth Petrovna, basa reMutongi Mukuru, Berg uye Collegium Manufactories rakatanga zvakare.

Zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti nzvimbo dzepamusoro dzepamatare dzaive dzakabatwa nevanodavirwa vomukadzikadzi uye vanhu vakamubatsira kuti ave nechokwadi chechigaro choumambo. Pakati pavo, vanokudzwa kubva kuVerontsov, Razumovsky uye Shuvalov mhuri dzinogona kuzivikanwa.

Social Policy

Mutemo wezvematongerwo enyika weMempress waive nechinangwa chekusimbisa hurumende uye yaiva yepro-Russian. Somugumisiro wekugadzirisa kwakaitwa naErizaveta Petrovna, varimi vainyanya kuvimba nevanhu vane ropafadzo. Muna 1760 vakuru vakapiwa kodzero yekuendesa vasungwa kuSiberia. Mukuwedzera, varimi vaisagona kugadzirisa nyaya dzezvemari kunze kwemvumo yeimba yeimba. Vakanga vasinawo mukana wokupinda mubasa rehondo muchido. Kubvira muna 1764, vanhu vevanhu vakanaka chete ndivo vangave vakabata varimi munyika yavo.

Zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti munguva yekutonga kwaElizabeth Petrovna, chirango chekufa chakabviswa. Pane kudaro, isu takatanga kushandisa nzira dzakashata, kunyange zvazvo tsika dzechirango dziri mumapurazi eminda uye muuto zvakaramba dzichipo.

Kushungurudzika kwenyika

Izvo mutemo wekunze uye wepakati weElizabeth Petrovna yakaita kuti kuve nekuderera kukuru kwemaitiro evarimi. Ichi chaiva chikonzero chekuonekwa kwemafungiro ekukurudzira mumamiriro avo ezvinhu. Kusagutsikana kwevagari vekunze kwakaratidzwa zvikuru mukuwanda kwemahombe, kubatwa kwenzvimbo dzakagadzirwa uye kubata. Izvi zvaiwanzoperekedzwa nekuurayiwa kwevatongi.

Uyewo munguva yekutonga kwaErizabheti, vanhu vakawanda vakamuka mhirizhonga. Mukutanga kwema1740. Ikoko kwakanga kune mhirizhonga munharaunda yeBashkir. Muna 1743 mutemo weTeryushev wakatanga. Vakuru vakuru vehurumende vakakwanisa kuzvidzora kunze kwepakati pe1745.

Economic Policy

Kugadzirisa Elizabeth Petrovna akabatana nehupfumi. Muna 1754, akabvisa mitemo yekodzero munyika. Izvo kuchinja kwakabatsira pakupedza kuparadzaniswa kwezvemari kweRussia nekuvandudzwa kwehutano hwemabhizimisi. Muna 1757, mitero yemitambo yezvinhu zvakatengeswa yakawedzerwa. Russia mumazuva aElizabeth Petrovna yakatengesa hutano hwakanaka nemasimba eWest Europe (Britain, France) uye kumabvazuva.

Nokuraira kweMmpress, mabhandi matsva akaumbwa: The Noble uye Merchant. Kuwanikwa kwavo kwakabatsira pakuvandudzirwa kwebhizimisi muRussia Empire. Uyewo, munguva yekutonga kwaElizabeth Petrovna, vakuru vacho vakagamuchira mumwe munhu wekutengesa.

Muma 40-60's. XVIII zana. Manufactory inogadzira yakagadzirwa. Masangano matsva akazarurwa muIrkutsk, Yaroslavl, Tambov, Ivanovo, nezvimwewo.

Cultural Development of Russia

Kutaura nezvekuvandudzwa kweRussia mumakore makumi mana nemakumi matanhatu. XVIII remakore, zvakakosha kuziva mutemo uri mumunda wemutsika, wakaitwa naErizaveta Petrovna. Makore ekutonga kwake akave nokuonekwa kubudiriro muhutano hwekudzidzisa, sayenzi, kuvaka kwekuvaka, nezvimwe. Kwaive kubva panguva yaErizabheti kuti Chiedza chakatangira muRussia.

Nechirevo chemuzinda wamambo, masangano ezvidzidzo zvehondo akagadziridzwa zvakare. Mukuwedzera, yekutanga gymnasiums yakavhurwa muguta guru uye muKazan. Muna 1755, Moscow University yakavambwa, uye makore 2 gare gare - Academy of Arts.

Mhandara yakabhadhara zvakanyanya kurongwa kwekugara kwemambo. Nekuvakwa kweHarare Palace , muumbi wekuItaly aibva, Rastrelli, akakokwa. Akaronga zvakare Catherine Palace muTsarskoe Selo. Yakaimbogara maigara Peter I Peterhof uye Strelna zvakare akachinjwa.

Munguva yekutonga kwaErizabheti, nzvimbo dzokutanga dzemitambo dzakatanga mu Yaroslavl uye St. Petersburg.

Mutemo wenyika kune imwe nyika muna 1740

Sezvatatoona, hurongwa hweEngland Petrovna hwekune imwe nyika uye hwemhuri hwaiva nechinangwa chekusimbisa nzvimbo dzeumambo hwemambo. Asati asvika pachigaro, Russia yakabatanidzwa mukurwa neSweden. Mutungamiriri-mukuru weuto akagadzwa P. P. Lassi. Mushure mekuuya kwekutonga kwaErizabheti, mauto eRussia akakwanisa kutora nyika yose yeFinland. Rugare rwekukurukurirana pakati penyika dzakatanga muna 1743. Nhume dzakabva kuRussia dzaiva A. Rumyantsev na I. Luberas. Nyika yeNyika Yakapera muna 1743. Maererano nemamiriro ayo, chikamu cheFinland chakapfuura kuRussia.

Russia muHondo Yemakore Makumi manomwe

Masangano maviri eEurope akatora chikamu muhondo iyi. Yokutanga yaiva yeEngland, Portugal nePrussia, yechipiri yaisanganisira Austria, France, Sweden, Saxony, Spain neRussia. Erizabheti 1 akamuzivisa kuti apinda muhondo muna 1757. Izvi zvaive zvichibva pamutemo wePrussia, izvo zvakatyisidzira nzvimbo dzeMambo weRussia muBaltic States nePoland.

Zviitiko zvikuru zveMakore Makore manomwe 'Hondo

Hondo yemakore manomwe ndiyo inonyanya kuitika mune zvematongerwe enyika panguva iyo mitemo yaElizaveta Petrovna. Tafura ine mazuva anokosha anoenderana nekutongwa kweRussia muhondo iyi inoratidzwa pasi apa.

Zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti migumisiro yekukunda uku kweMambo weRussia yaisagona kushandiswa. Muna 1761, Elizaveta Petrovna akafa nehuro paakabuda ropa. Chigaro choumambo chakanga chakatorwa naPeter III. Akaenda kubatana nemambo wePrussia ndokudzorera nyika dzose dzakakunda kwaari.

Upenyu hwega

Kunyange tisati tasvika pachigaro cheushe, Elizabeth Petrovna akanga atovimbiswa kune muchinda Karl Holstein-Gottorpski. Asi paakasvika kuSt. Petersburg, akagamuchira chibhokisi uye akafa.

Muna 1731, Erizabheti 1 akatanga nhauri nemunhu weDnieper Cossacks Alexei Rozum. Maererano nemishumo isina kusimbiswa, muna 1742 ivo vakanga vakaroorana. Panguva ino Alexey akagamuchira zita ritsva (Razumovsky) uye akava mupfumi mukuru.

Mukutanga kwema50, muEmpress aive nechinangwa chitsva. Zita rake rainzi Ivan Shuvalov. Akanga ari murume akadzidziswa, aida sayenzi uye unyanzvi, uyewo akagara akashamwaridzana neMolomon Lomonosov.

Ukama nehuwandu hunodikamwa uye hupenyu hwakapararira hwemambo hwakabereka huzhinji hwenhema pamusoro pevana vakaberekwa pakavanzika. Mushure mekufa kwaElizabeth Petrovna vakatanga kuonekwa vanyengeri. Ivo vakazviti ivo vana veMmress. Mumwe munyengeri akakurumbira aiva Princess Tarakanova.

Lifestyle

Mazuva aElizaveta Petrovna akapemberera pfungwa dzake nemutsa. Zvisinei, unhu uhwu hwakanyatsoparadzana nehusimbe husina kujairika uye nyota yekuvaraidza. Mudzimai akatungamira hupenyu hwomusango, kazhinji aidha doro. Kutaura zvematongerwo enyika kwakanga kusina hanya. Vatongi veRussia munguva yekutonga kwaElizabeth vakataura kuti maitiro ekugumisa rugare angave akarara naye kwemwedzi pasina chikwangwani.

Nguva pfupi vasati vafa, muMmress akatorwa nekutya kusurukirwa. Akanga achitya kugara usiku oga muimba. Mukuwedzera, nguva dzose aifunga nezvekutsiva kwevanhu vaitambudzwa kana kutumwa nekuraira kwake kuSiberia. Erizaveta Petrovna akapedza usiku hwose mumakamuri akasiyana eimba yamambo.

Mhinduro

Erizaveta Petrovna akanga ari pachigaro kwemakore makumi maviri. Pasinei nemararamiro akapararira uye kusava nehanya nehurumende, hutongi hwake hwakaratidzwa nehuwandu hwekuvandudzwa uye kubudirira kwetsika. Mumwe anogona kukwanisa kuita zvinhu zvinotevera zvepurogiramu yaElizabeth Petrovna.

1. Nharaunda yekutanga yekutonga kwemadzimambo yakaratidzwa nekuvandudzwa kunofambira mberi. Zvisinei, pakutanga kwema1950, maitiro anochengetedza akaonekwa mumutemo weErizabheti. Munguva iyi, nzvimbo yevagari vemunyika iri kuwedzera zvakanyanya, sezvinoratidzwa nekumuka.

2. Purogiramu yeRussia inotarisirwa kuwedzera maropafadzo ayo.

3. Purogiramu yekunze kune dzimwe nyika yaitungamirirwa neWest vector. Somugumisiro wehondo, chikamu cheFinland chakanyongedzwa kuRussia.

4. Kubudirira kwesayenzi netsika. Mutemo waElizabhet Petrovna wakaratidzwa nematanho ekutanga kuenderera mberi kwekutendeseka.