Muvezi Donatello: Biography, mabasa, mapikicha

Donatello - iri Italian muvezi, mumiririri yaitonga ari mangwanani Renaissance, ari Florentine chikoro. About hwake uye basa ichakurukurwa munyaya ino. Biography nemunyori Hazvizivikanwi zvakadzama, saka zvinokwanisika kupa chete zvishoma.

Brief oupenyu ruzivo pamusoro muvezi Donatello

The ramangwana muvezi Donatello akaberekwa Florence muna 1386, mwanakomana Nikollo Di Betto Bardi - mupfumi shinda carder. Akadzidza ari mumakore 1403-1407 vari mumusangano murume ainzi Lorenzo Ghiberti. Ikoko akadzidza, kunyanya, magadzirirwo kuti kuraswa endarira. On basa nomuvezi yakanga chaizvo kutungamirirwa kujairirana mumwe murume mukuru - Filippo Brunelleschi. Ghiberti uye Brunelleschi akaramba hwose yepedyo shamwari muuki.

Dzhordzho Vazari akati kuti nomuvezi Donatello aiva norupo murume, netsika kwazvo, aibata shamwari kwazvo, haana haana vachikoshesa kukosha kuti mari. Vadzidzi vake neshamwari yakatorwa naye zvikuru sezvo vaida.

Nguva yokutanga okugadzira zvinhu

Basa muvezi uyu mukutanga nguva, muna 1410s, aishamwaridzana matunhu neminisiparati varayirwa, izvo akapa vashongedze siyana ruzhinji zvivako Florence. For nezvivakwa Kana San Michele (France) anoita Donatello pechifananidzo St. George (nguva kubva 1415 kusvikira 1417) uye St. Mark (1411 kusvika 1413). Muna 1415, iye rinopedzisa mashoko pechifananidzo St. Ioanna Evangelista, shongedza Florence Cathedral.

Construction Commission mugore iroro nokuda kushongedzwa of Campanile akarayira kuuraya rekunamata navaporofita Donatello. Over wavo zvisikwa muuki Akashanda anenge maviri emakore (kubvira 1416 musi 1435). Five manhamba dziri Cathedral Museum. "David" chifananidzo uye vaprofita (anenge 1430-1432 Makore) achiri zvikuru chokuita ipapo mukupera Gothic tsika. Zvinotsausa decoration mutinhimira omurume mufananidzo, zvakakwana noruvara kurapwa chiso uye muviri akafukidzwa rinorema zvipfeko. Asi kunyange zvisikwa izvi ari kuedza kutaura itsva yakanaka kwezera rake - the umhare munhu unhu - Donatello. Muvezi mabasa akasika nyaya dzakasiyana-siyana, umo akaratidza yakanaka iyi. Izvi zvinonyanya kuoneka nemufananidzo yokukurukurirana. Mark (1412), St. George (1415), uyewo Habhakuki Jeremiah (makore zvakasikwa - 1423-1426). Zvishoma nezvishoma nezvimiro pachena, kuva mavhoriyamu chinokosha, Portrait kwakatsiva hwokufananidzira chiso chedu, uye mipendero yenguo kupfekedza muviri sezvingatarisirwa, kufamba wayo wechipiri uye vachikotama.

John XXIII Tomb

Muvezi Donatello anosika pamwe Michelozzo paguva John XXIII munguva kubvira 1425 kusvika 1427. It rava chaiwo muenzaniso kuti zvaishandiswa zvapedzisira makuva zvevaPolish Renaissance. Long-rokuti pamwe pakati vavezi vemabwe maviri kunotanga basa iri.

Kukanda nenhamba dzendarira

Donatello mukutanga 1420 wacho, rinoreva kuraswa nenhamba endarira. In ichi zvinhu, basa rake rokutanga - chidhori Louis pamusoro muToulouse, chaakanga akarayira kwaari muna 1422 kuti ashongedze niche muna Kana San Michele. Ichi chimwe chezvinhu zvinoshamisa pazvivako, izvo kuratidza kunzwisisa utsvene pauzima Feat, vakakunda muna Renaissance.

Statue Dhavhidhi

Yepamusoro okugadzira zvinhu natenzi iyi unyanzvi yendarira ndiyo shongwe waDhavhidhi, akasikwa kumativi makore 1430-1432. Rakagadzirirwa, mukusiyana kune Ages chivezwa pamusoro kumativi rwendo. Chimwe utsanzi raiva dingindira nudity, kuti izvo akataura Donatello. Muvezi David akaratidza kusimira, kwete nguo, sezvo yaiva tsika isati, nguva yokutanga kubva Ages sezvo sezvazviri uye zvakadaro pamwero.

Other mabasa kubudikidza Donatello, vachirondedzera kune 1410-fung - kutanga 1420 wacho - mufananidzo weshumba wakavezwa kubva sandstone - chiratidzo Florence, remuti pamuchinjikwa nokuda chechi Santa Croce, kuti reliquary nokuti Ognissanti chechi yendarira, chifananidzo nendarira, iri National Museum of Florence pasi inonzi "Amorin Attis," riri, sokuti, mufananidzo yekare vanamwari chokubereka Priapus.

Nemabasa ari magadzirirwo rokuyamura

The kuedza zviri magadzirirwo ezvinhu zvokuyamura panguva Donatello aivawo echimurenga. Anoda musoro mufananidzo muvezi illusionary nzvimbo inoenda pakusikwa flattened kwakaita nzvimbo yacho, apo pfungwa udzamu rinoitwa kushandisa zvemaBhaibheri gradation. Runogonesa kuti spatial fungidziro tishandise nzira yakananga maonero. "Kuswedera" mbezo, muvezi chinofananidzwa munyori wakadhirowewa mifananidzo. Zvinofanira kuzivikanwa pano mabasa akadai "The Battle George uye neShato", "Pazzi Madonna", "Mutambo Herodhi", "Kukwidzwa waMariya" uye vamwe. Architectural kumashure mune nzvimbo yakanaka pamusoro muuki kunoratidzwa, vachishandisa mitemo zvakananga maonero. Akakwanisa kuita zvikamu spatial dzinoverengeka umo vatambi vari.

A rwokuenda kuRoma, wechipiri Florentine nguva

Muvezi Donatello munguva kubva August 1432 kusvika May 1433rd yaiva muRoma. Pano iye Brunelleschi obmeryaet Zvivako muguta, ichitsvaka yekare chivezwa. Local vagari, maererano nengano, vaiona shamwari mbiri vavhimi. pazvidhindo Roman vakanga akaratidza mumabasa akadai patabhenakeri, akaita kuti Capella Del kuSacramento, basa ne Eugene IV (Pope), "The Annunciation" (aka -. Atari Cavalcanti Ona mufananidzo pazasi), vachiimba Tribune mumwe Florence kuti Church, uyewo Outdoor papurupeti, Akaitirawo Cathedral iri Prato (panguva yokusika - makore 1434-1438).

Donatello inowana classicism chaiye Mufananidzo "Mutambo Herodhi", akasika pakudzoka kwake kubva rwokuenda kuRoma.

Around 1440 nomuvezi unoitisa mikova endarira, uye medallions sere kuti Florence Old Sacristy kweSan Lorenzo (nguva kubva 1435 kusvika 1443). The modeled stucco reliefs mana yakanga kubudirira kunoshamisa rusununguko mumufananidzo omukati, zvivako uye vanhu nenhamba.

Padua kumwedzi

Donatello anotumwa muna 1443 muna Padua. Pano anotanga chinotevera chokutambudzika basa rake. It anoita chinhu Equestrian chidhori Erasmo of Narni (Gattamelata chifananidzo). Donatello akakanda naye muna 1447, uye akasimbisa basa rakanga gare gare - muna 1453-m. Way aishanda shongwe kuna Marcus Aurelius. Kushandisa diagonal iyo dzinoumba bakatwa uye shamhu Gattamelata (Erasmo remadunhu-), uye ruoko nzvimbo vakabatana Nhamba bhiza nomutasvi waro mu siluetti chidimbu muvezi Donatello. Zvivezwa zvakasikwa iyi, zvechokwadi chikuru. Kunze pamusoro payo anoita nokukurukurirana chancel. Antoniya Paduanskogo, uyewo vana rusununguko kuratidza mifananidzo kubva hwake, izvo vanonzi vanova okugadzira zvinhu natenzi iyi picturesque nomunzvimbo dzine.

Kunyange kana chipo inofamba Donatello inoratidza sei mifananidzo miviri kutaurirana. Ioanna Krestitelya muna Florence (mu Casa Martelli I V Fiorentina), zviri ndeyevanyori zvikuru kuchinja. Vacho tichisunga. John raimiririra achimhanya, uye ose okupedzisira chigunwe rinobatanidzwa pakuendeswa ichi. Nature yatorwa kubva chakavanzika itsva.

A pachena chinoratidza Donatello kuti unyanzvi kuri pakuti nomuvezi anoratidzwa pamwe chete unyanzvi uye simba, simba, runako uye nyasha. Saka, somuenzaniso, rakacherwa 1434 Bhanabhasi-rokuyamura machena nhurikidzwa pamusoro Church guta Prato rinotaura hafu-kupfeka geniuses nevana vanoridza zviridzwa uye kutamba pamwe nezvishongo nemaruva. Zvikuru vapenyu kufamba kwavo, tamba uye zvakasiyana-siyana. Zvakafanana zvinogona kuonekwa nevamwe Bhanabhasi-reliefs ari machena, akaita kuti Florence Cathedral.

Donatello mumakore achangopfuura, kuwana zvishoma basa Padua. Sezviri pachena, akanga arwara. Muvezi shure muna 1453 muna Florence uye kurarama ikoko kusvikira parufu rwake (muna 1466), kunze kwenguva pfupi rwendo muna 1457 kusvika Siena.

Late Florentine kumwedzi

It zvinomutsa mibvunzo yakawanda gare gare basa Donatello. Muvezi mukupera mabasa akasika haana zvakawanda zvinonakidza basa. Dzimwe nguva kutaura pamusoro kuparadzwa unyanzvi hwake, uye kudzoka vamwe gothic nzira. Sculpture kubudikidza Donatello munguva kubva 1450 kusvikira mangwanani 1460 kwakaita hunomiririrwa chifananidzo Marii Magdaliny (1455, mufananidzo cm. Below), akaita namatanda, boka "Judith uye Holofernes", chidhori Ioanna Krestitelya, reliefs pamusoro dingindira Yorumuko uye Passion kwaKristu chair maviri mukereke San Lorenzo. Mumabasa aya, vakatonga njodzi dingindira kuti anovandudza Donatello. Muvezi dzaidzidziswa naturalism, izvo muganhu pamusoro yomudzimu wakatsemuka. Vanoverengeka nziyo apera pashure pokufa tenzi wake vadzidzi - Bertoldo uye Bellagio.

Muvezi akafa muna 1466. Akavigwa mukereke San Lorenzo, iyo yakashongedzwa basa rake, pamwe chinokudza kukuru. Saka anopedzisa basa Donatello. Muvezi, Biography uye vane mabasa vave munyaya iyi, akaita basa rinokosha munyika mapurani. Cherechedza akanga.

Kukosha mabasa tenzi ichi

Donatello aiva anokosha munhoroondo Renaissance chivezwa. Ndiye aiva wokutanga zvakanyatsorongwa kudzidza mashandiro muviri womunhu kufamba, iye wairatidza kunzwisisa guru chiito akatanga kududzira mbatya nokuda mapurasitiki muviri uye sangano, akaisa basa kuratidza munhu asian mu chivezwa, vakandoteka kuteerera pfungwa upenyu evanhu zvitange. Wakakwanisa yendarira kuraswa uye dzasimbiswa kukwira namatema. Trehplanny ruyamuro, akava, vane pakuzadzisa chivezwa uye kupenda.