Ndege zvombo "mhepo-kuti-mhepo": huru unhu

Nokuti rokurwisa mhepo huru yakagadzirirwa chombo mugadziriro siyana. A-siyana zvombo makuru zvikurukuru Classified maererano kanda nzvimbo uye kubaya nzvimbo. Somuenzaniso: "Surface kuna Air" - Nyika-inobva zvombo (shoko rokutanga) rokuputsa zvinhu mudenga nzvimbo (shoko wechipiri). Izvi rworudzi zvombo kakawanda vachinzi Anti ndege, kureva nhungirwa panguva pamusoro-soro - kumusoro. chitundumuseremusere zvikuru nokukurumidza "pose-kuti-mhepo", anopfuura mana nguva kumhanya inzwi, anogona zvinobudirira vagorega chete ndege uye ballistic zvombo, asiwo yarova kwazvo maneuverable rwendo zvombo.

ndege chombo

Kunorwa hwemazuva rwisana ndege chinhu Integrated akagadzirwa anoverengeka yepamusorosoro mugadziriro, izvo conventionally rine kudzora maitiro uye pakarepo yakaturikwa uye midzi maoko. Zvombo akagadzirirwa kumhanya mumhepo kubvongodzwa platforms uye kuparadza mhepo ndege, maererano wechipfuwo ezvinhu semhosva chitundumuseremusere "mhepo-kuti-mhepo" (B-B). KuMadokero, nokuti munitions vekirasi ichi anotenderwa kushandisa AAM chidimbu kubva mubatanidzwa mhepo-kuti-mhepo chombo chinoita zvokukandwa. Zvinobudirira mienzaniso zvombo izvi vakatanga kuudzwa nezvechokwadi nepakati forties wekupedzisira remakore. The vaizviita anotungamirirwa munitions mudzimba pakutanga vakakopa "mhepo-mhepo" American chitundumuseremusere. Russia iri pari mumunda muhondo Hardware kunozivikanwa sezvo undisputed mutungamiri. Mimwe michina nevamwe kunyange pakati dzakabudirira dzimwe gadziriro.

daro kurwiswa

Maererano kure uko chinhu ichaparadzwa mu mumhepo zvombo "mhepo-kuti-mhepo" vari rakakamurwa makirasi akawanda. Ndege zvombo akagadzirirwa kushandiswa iri mhando nhatu madaro ose muhondo:

• Nokuti kuparadzwa ndege zvenguva pfupi zvombo zvaishandiswa mudzinza pamberi. munitions aya anenge aine michini homing namano. Nevamwe NATO rokuti - SRAAM.
• At madaro kuti svikiro-siyana zvombo zvinoshandiswa 100km (MRAAM) pamwe radar homing hurongwa.
• Ordnance rakashandiswa pana madaro kusvika 200 km zvenguva refu (LRAAM), kuva kunzwisisa nhungamiro gadziriro utilizing nheyo siyana kufora uye kurwisa kwokupedzisira mugove.

Saka classifying pahwaro zvenguva refu, asi Developers vanodavira kuti panguva yakapiwa marefu chitundumuseremusere kuchaita yarova nangananga ndeyechokwadi. Mumutauro vanachiremba kunonzi zvinobudirira kure kupfura.

nhungamiro maitiro pamusoro chipfuro

Musoro chitundumuseremusere wakaiswa zvishandiso unobvumira autonomously, pane vasina akavatarisa, kunyengedza projectile kubaya uye rova nayo. Automatic mudziyo uri pakanyorwa akapoteredza minda mumuviri anokwanisa kutsanangura chinangwa, ivo parameters waro inofamba, kufamba chombo chinoita zvokukandwa pacharo uye dzinoumba chikwata nokuda kudzora mamiriro, kana zvakakodzera, kuti rinoshamisa. Homing maitiro "mhepo-kuti-mhepo" chombo achishandisa mhando dzakasiyana nemwaranzi chinangwa: Manyiminya, acoustic, michini, redhiyo. Panzvimbo nzvimbo yacho mwaranzi panobva, kutungamirirwa hurongwa ndiwo:

• Pusa - kushandiswa chinangwa airatidza anonongedzera.
• For Semi-basa musoro zvinodiwa vakafungisisa chinangwa chiratidzo chaibwinya kubudikidza mutakuri ndege.
• Active pachavo kuvhenekera chinangwa zvinotakura takashongedzerwa venguva yakazara anonongedzera.

Submunitions uye detonators

Mudenga, kunyanya panguva yakakwirira altitudes, bhomba chiito putika isashande. Ndege zvombo "mhepo-mhepo" aine warhead mukuru-putika chiito. Nokuda mukuru kumhanya kufamba sezvo kubaya, uye chombo kwacho warhead kushandisa yakasimba zvinodiwa kuti paumbwe inouraya bhora. The aida mugumisiro zvinogona kuitwa nokushandisa gadziriro akafanorongerwa kupwanya zvimedu kana takagadzirira submunitions (balls, tsvimbo). In zvigadzirwa vakawanda vaishandisa musimboti, achiumba TOUR namo zvimedu cylindrical warhead, mumwe kusabatana bhachi. Pamusoro kuwedzera, achirova zvinhu dzinoumba cône ine truncated chakaderedzwa mutengo kutungamirirwa kufamba, unopfuura chitundumuseremusere.

Vakaronga kumwedzi kurova nezvimedu zvinoitwa gwapa kana Laser nokuomesa vakuru-kakawanda dzenzvimbo, kushandisa cheka kana "chifukidzo" pamusoro inert zvinhu. Haisi submunitions vakapakata chombo warheads melee. In svikiro siyana zvinoita zvokukandwa gadziriro vaishandisa warhead kuumbwa petsvimbo. Submunitions akaronga obliquely akapoteredza putika zvinhu uye vari welded pamwechete rave okumusoro kumugumo. Kana kundizivisa matanda vanoumba namahwindo mhete guru rinoparadza. Kuvimbisa zviitiko kuitwa pamusoro paumbwe basa uye mirayiridzo zvakaitwa kusabatana musango.

Kuputsa warhead kuitwa panguva imwe optimum nechokure radar fuze akashongedzerwa rimwe kana maviri antennas. Modern zvombo "mhepo-kuti-mhepo" Kirasi takashongedzerwa pamwe Laser zvivako, ichi- monitors daro kuti kupfura. On chombo zvose zvaanazvo inertial detonator iri zvinoitirwawo zvakananga raparadza pamusoro chipfuro.

On murindi mhepo dzezvimwe

Nokuti nyika yedu, dzayo guru marefu uye underdeveloped kwezvivako pasi kumabvazuva uye kuchamhembe mirayiridzo, inokosha pakukudzivirira vari zvombo "mhepo-kuti-mhepo." Russia, amboita mumakore achangopfuura, nokukurumidza rwokugadzira zvinhu, ane zvakawanda yose mukuru-waivako zvombo. zvombo Russian inoitirwa kwete chete kushongedzera huripo ndege, asiwo nemaonero aigarira uye unmanned hurongwa ndege, mubasa iri kutarisirwa munguva yemberi iri pedyo. Modern Russian ndege vakapakata dzimwe mhando zvombo. On kwavari huchakurukurwa.

Kutungamirirwa chombo P-73 pfupi zvenguva

The chigadzirwa inocherechedzwa basa muna 1983, NATO kupatsanura AA-11 "Archer". Zvaireva kuparadza vachishingaira achifambisa aigarira uye unmanned zvinangwa kunonyanyisa aimhanya anosvika 2500 km / h masikati uye usiku okunze ose ari mberi uye neshure hemispheres. Nokuti vachipfura kutevera zvinangwa kushandisa kudzoka-kutanga. Engine pamwe shanduka akapinza vectoring nezvimwe anoziva akabvumira zvinopfuura zvose zviripo nyika analogues maererano maneuverability. Inogona kushandiswa pamusoro kusingadzorwi mhepo Balloons, helicopters uye rwendo zvombo. The chitundumuseremusere chikamu dzose akagadzirwa chombo pakati third-29 uye Su-27, achangobuda shanduro, uyewo tactical Ndege, Su-34 uye Su-25. Yakabudiswa mushanduro maviri Modifications RMD RMD-1 uye-2. Inogona kushandiswa kugadzirisa rwendo zvombo. The chitundumuseremusere iri aivigirwa. Zvombo ane zvinotevera unhu:

• Weight - 110 makirogiramu.
• Length - 2.9 m.
• Weight tsvimbo warhead 8 makirogiramu.
• kanda Range - 40? km (RMD 2).

Kupfuura rinoshamisa yekurwira chombo RVV-MD

New zvombo zvose-chinotaurwa michini homing. Kushandiswa aerogazodinamicheskoy achifambisa hurongwa kunoita kuparadza huru chero mirayiridzo. Zvinofungirwa kuti muenzaniso uyu zvichakurukurwa vakapakata marudzi ose nendege murwi ndege uye helicopters. "Air-pose" X-38 chimiro hwaro revarwi simba wechishanu chizvarwa murwi RVV-MD uye chitundumuseremusere.

• Kutanga uremu kwete kupfuura 106 makirogiramu.
• Chombo kureba - 2,92 m.
• Warhead uremu netsvimbo chaikosha kukanganisa - 8 makirogiramu.
• Distance vanoita huru kusvika 40? Km.

Ndege zvombo "mhepo-kuti-mhepo" P-27

Kutungamirirwa munitions zvombo kusikirwa varwi chechina-chizvarwa. Maererano NATO kupatsanura AA-10 "Alamo". Dzakananga nhare rakagadzirirwa kuparadza muvengi ndege mu pedyo kurwisana achifambisa uye svikiro marefu ari kunonyanyisa kumhanya kuda kusvika 3500 km / h. Chinayo itsva pfungwa management uye chikukutu-propellant injini. On dzimwe shanduro accelerators anoshandiswa. Velocity of chitundumuseremusere P-27 muna mana nehafu nguva "mhepo-kuti-mhepo" ari kumhanya inzwi. Characteristics zvichienderana zvinotevera okunatsiridza:

• mimwe Misa akasiyana siyana pakati 250 uye 350 makirogiramu.
• The kunonyanyisa urefu 3,7 kusvika 4.9 m.
• Warhead uremu tsvimbo-mhando - 39 makirogiramu.
• The Range kuparadzwa zvinhu kubvira 50 kusvika 110? Km.

Ndege zvinoita zvokukandwa F-77 svikiro-siyana

Rakagadzirirwa rechishanu chizvarwa murwi third - 1.42, uye kwete zvishandiswezve pane akatevedzana. Western AA-12 zita "semvumbi". Kupinzwa basa muna 1994. Vaine injini ine simba uye zvemberi radar uye michini nhungamiro enyika. Rakagadzirirwa kuita kubvongodzwa uye kunofambira mberi zvinhu mhando dzose ndege, kusanganisira rwendo zvombo kubhururuka pamwe Nzvimbo rakatevera, musi pakanyorwa nyika negungwa chenyika mune neeSultan dzose dzakakwirira. nadzurudzo of nharaunda chiito anyatsonzwisisa boosters kusvika 160? km.

• Weight - 700 makirogiramu.
• Length - 3.5 m.
• Weight tsvimbo warhead pamwe multikumulyativnymi zvinhu - 22 makirogiramu.
• The kunonyanyisa siyana rokuparadzwa zvinhu - 100 km.

Pahwaro nadzurudzo iyi nhare akasika "pose-kuti-mhepo." ivhu inobva chombo chinoratidza guru dhayamita injini.

Homing chombo RVV-SD svikiro zvenguva

Ichangobva Muenzaniso mudzimba zvombo ndege akaronga kuti kuparadzwa kwemarudzi ose, kusanganisira rwendo zvombo akasvibira padaro rinenge kusvika 25 km mu rinorema radar muvengi countermeasures. Ndikarangarira vachishingaira kunzwisisa inertial kutungamirirwa uchishandisa redhiyo kururamiswa. Detonation mudziyo anoshandisa Laser napedyo Switch.

• Kutanga uremu kusvika 190 makirogiramu.
• Length - 3.7 m.
• Warhead mhando - multikumulyativnaya tsvimbo, uremu - 22.5 makirogiramu.
• Distance chitanga 110? Km.

RVV-kwavatumwa svikiro-siyana

Shanduro iyi iri chombo chakagadzirirwa kushongedzera wechina ++ rudzi murwi ndege uye akagadzirirwa kubata zvose huripo mhando ndege, kusanganisira rwendo zvombo. Zvombo anogona kushandiswa chero nguva yezuva panyika uye gungwa nharaunda iri mumhenderekedzo yegungwa mapazi. Developers pokugara mhando dzimwe ndege. Rakashandiswa contactless Laser detonator fuze. Achifambisa rinoshandisirwa yemagetsi afoot zenze - waishandiswa zano yakasiyana munyika asina.

• The kunonyanyisa kanda uremu - 180 makirogiramu.
• Kunonyanyisa kureba - 3.6 m.
• Warhead tsvimbo multikumulyativnaya, uremu - 22.5 makirogiramu.
• Shooting rwendo 80.

Kutungamirirwa chombo P-33 refu-siyana

Fighter-interceptor rakagadzirirwa miganhu kudzivirira zvombo pamwe murombo pano kwezvivako. The NATO handbooks kunzi AA-9 "Amosi". Pamwe chete third-31-33 akaiswa basa pakutanga 80s uye aiva mumwe ne mumwe multi-kuvhura hurongwa "Chipingamupinyi". The hurongwa anobvumira mawa kushandiswa ose zvombo chikwata kubva 4-ndege. Panyaya iyi, ndege radar michina uye Semi-basa homing zvombo panguva zvinopa mukana varove zvinhu zvina zvombo mana. R-33 chakagadzirirwa kuparadza yakaderera-kubhururuka nendege uye rwendo zvombo ari okunze ose, pamusoro pakanyorwa panyika neeSultan ose altitudes uye aimhanya uye ane inotevera hwokugadzira mashoko:

• Weight - 490 makirogiramu.
• Length - 4.15 m.
• Misa HE kusabatana warhead 47 makirogiramu.
• Tanga Range - 120 km zvimwe ichijekesa zvinangwa - kusvika 300? Km.

"The ruoko refu" P-37

Pahwaro R-33 nokuti maoko gamha Newest yakaoma yakavakirwa third-31BM akagadzira chitundumuseremusere refu-siyana R-37. Mune mamwe mashoko rinonzi HER-db uye K-37. NATO kupatsanura AA-13 "Arrow". Miedzo okupedzisira mimwe kuvakwa muna 2012. Kana akashandisa kusika idzva hunyambiri-rudzi injini zvikukutu mafuta uye Newest midziyo kuzvidzora uye kutungamirirwa. Panguva miedzo, zvinyorwa yarova kupfura ari chinhambwe 307? Km.

• Kanda uremu siyana okunatsiridza ose kubva 510 600 makirogiramu.
• Chombo kureba - 4.2 m.
• Warhead - soro-putika, uremu - 60 makirogiramu.
• The Range "mhepo-kuti-mhepo" chombo R-73 - 300 km mu aina waivako - 200 km.

Ukuru zvigotiringana:

Kubvuma kuti mauto Russian pakati yepamusorosoro zvigadzirwa mumakore achangopfuura, yekudyidzana mberi masimba Western. Kunotangwa kutungamirirwa zvombo "mhepo-kuti-mhepo" vachaparadzwa vakagadzirira pamwe kupfuura simba pamusoro-bhodhi kadambari gadziriro uye mukuru-nokukurumidza chiratidzo processors. Chizvarwa chitsva zvitundumuseremusere vachakwanisa chamber atambudzwe kwete chete pane simba radar uye michini pakaunda, asiwo kune zvakavanzika chinhu club mhepo kurwiswa.